Chemistry 101 Chapter 1 Exam Notes

What is Chemistry?

the study of composition, structure (bonding), and properties (physical and chemical) of substance

What is Matter

anything that has mass or volume

What is Scientific method

Application of process

What is Property

Any characteristic that can be used to describe or identify something

What are the two types of Properties

Chemical composition -

Chemical reactivity -

Chemical composition

describes what matter is made of

Chemical reactivity

describes how the matter behaves

What is Physical Change

one that does not alter the chemical makeup of a substance

What is Chemical Change

one that does alter a substance's chemical makeup

What are the 3 forms of Matter

Solid, Liquid, and Gas

What consist of a solid matter?

Has a definite volume and a definite shape that does not change regardless of the container in which it is placed

Example: Wood Block, Marble, Ice

What consist of a liquid matter?

By contrast, has a definite volume but an indefinite shape.

Example: Volume does not change when poured into a different container, only shape

What consist of a gas matter?

Has neither definite volume nor definite shape

Example: Gas expands to fill volume and take shape of any container it is placed in

What are the three phases of matter

Solid State, Liquid State, Gaseous State

Describe the atoms in a solid state

Atoms or molecules are packed closely together

Describe the atoms in a liquid state

Atoms or molecules are loosely packed together

Describe the atoms in a Gaseous state

Atoms or molecules are highly spaced out from one another

What is Change of State

conversion of a substance from one state to another

What is a Pure Substance

is uniform in its chemical composition and its properties all the way down to the microscopic level

What are the two classifications of pure substance

• Those that can be chemically broke down

• Those that cannot be chemically broke down

What is an element

Every element consist of atoms

Atoms are the smallest unit

All atoms of an element are alike

Atoms from one element is different from atoms of another element

There are 114 elements

What is a Homogenous Substance

A compound of two or more elements

Example: Looks the same throughout, same physical appearance of properties

What is a mixture

can vary in both composition and properties, depending on how it was made

Components of a mixture can be separated without changing their chemical identities

What is a Homogeneous Mixture

a blend of two or more pure substances having a uniform composition at the microscopic level

Example: Sugar dissolved in water. Looks the same. Cannot distinguish between pure substance or homogeneous, only at molecular level

What is a Heterogeneous Mixture

By contrast, is a blend of two or more pure substances having non - uniform composition

Example: Such as vegetables in a stew.

What is a chemical Compound

A compound consist of 2 or more elements, combining chemical (forming bonds), in a definite ratio

Molecule - Smallest unit of a compound

How to Write Chemical Changes

Reactant (Initial Substance) is written on the left

Product (New Substance) is written on the right

Chemical Reaction (Chemical Change) is written in the middle

What is Chemical Formulas

Symbols that are combined, which show by subscripts how many atoms (smallest fundamental units) of each elements are in a given chemical compound

What is a Periodic Table

A tabular format where symbols of the known elements are normally presented

What is a group on the periodic table

18 Vertical Column

What is a period on the periodic table

7 Horizontal Rows

What is an atomic number on the periodic table

Whole number upper right hand corner of an element

What is an atomic Mass (weight) on the periodic table

Decimal number below element

Unit g/mole

Weight increases from left to right

What do the colors mean on the periodic table

Elements in Blue are liquids

Elements in Red are gasses

Elements in Black are solids

Elements in Clear are radio active

Where are Transition Metals

B Group

Where are Lantheimides

Atomic # 57 - 71 Lantinum

Where are Acitinides

Atomic # 89 - 103 Acitinium

Where are Alkali Metal

Li - Fr Group 1 or 1A

Where are Alkaline Earth Metals

Be - Ra Group 2 or 2A

Where are Noble Gasses

He - Rn Group 18 or 8A

Where are Halogens

F - At Group 17 or 7A

What are the three groups that elements can be divided into

Metals, Non - Metals, and Metalloids (Semimetals)

What are metal elements

Are solid at room temperature (except for mercury), usually have a lustrous appearance when freshly cut, are good conductors of heat and electricity, and are malleable rather than brittle

94 of the current elements are metals

Metal occur on the left side of the periodic table

Metals loose electrons to become stable

What are Non - Metals elements

All are poor conductors of heat and electricity

18 are gasses at room temperature

6 are brittle solids 1 is a liquid

Non - metal occur on the right side of the periodic table

Non - metals gain electrons to become stable

What are Metalloids

Properties are intermediate between those of metals and non - metals

6 elements are metalloids B, Si, As, Te, Ge, sb

Metalloids occur in a zig zag band between metals on the left and non - metals on the right side of the periodic table

Metalloids play on both sides Lose and gain electrons

What are the four elements needed for life

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

Carbon is the element of life (Organic Substance)

what are Physical Quantities

Are the physical properties that can be measured, such as mass, volume, temperature, and density

what is mass

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object

Measured on a balance

what is weight

Weight is the measure of gravitational pull that the earth, moon, or other large body exerts on a object

Measured on a spring scale

what is Volume

Is the amount of space occupied by an object

Measured with graduated cylinder

what is insertia

When an bject stays stationary or moving until some outside force makes it change

What is Significant Figures

Is the total number of digits used to express a measurement

what is a Scientific Notation

is a product of a number between 1 and 10, times the number 10 raised to a power

What is energy

The measure of the amount of heat energy in an object

Celsius to Fahrenheit

F = (9F/5C x C) + 32F

Fahrenheit to Celsius

C = 5C/9F x (F - 32F)

How many joules are in 1 cal

4.184

What is Specific Heat

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1 C

calories / (grams x C)

What is the equation for Heat (cal)

Mass (g) x Temperature change (C) x Specific heat (cal / (g x C)

What is density

Relates the mass of an object to its volume

Mass (g) / Volume (mL or cm^3)

What is Specific Gravity (sp gr)

The density of the substance divided by the density of water at the same temperature

Density of substance (g/mL) /Density of water at the same temperature (g/mL)