Grammar Exam 1

Simple noun

Single word (Man, key, hope)

Compound nouns

Consist of more than one word and can occur in several forms, closed, open, and hyphenated

Closed compound nouns

Two words are combined to form a single word (Swimsuit, chalkboard, wristwatch)

Open compound nouns

Two separate words (Vice president, Ohio river, high school)

Hyphenated compound nouns

Compound nouns that include a hyphen (brother-in-law, president-elect, ex-wife)

Common noun

A general group or class of indefinite person, place, thing, object, animal, condition, material, or quality (lower case)

Proper noun

Always capitalized, refer to SPECIFIC entities

Concrete noun

Tangible, physical entities (can be discerned by the 5 senses)

Abstract nouns

Intangible, non physical entities (fear, love, reason)

Count nouns

-Entities that can be counted (many) (can add an “s”)

-Entities that are viewed as a single unit (desk, leg, clock, bowl, banana)

Noncount nouns

-Mass nouns (much)

-Not typically viewed as a single unit (furniture, money, luggage, progress, mail, wheat)

Collective nouns

Nouns that name a group acting as a unit. May be single or plural (jury, group, neighborhood, audience, staff)

Different noun forms

-Number

-Gender

-Case

Number noun form

Single or plural

Gender noun form

-Male (male living being)

-Female (female living being)

-Indefinite (male or female)

-Neuter (non-living objects or ideas)

Case noun form

-Subjective (Noun serves as subject in sentence)

-Objective (Noun serves as object in sentence)

-Possessive (Noun marked by a possessive ‘s and denotes ownership)

Pronoun

A word used in place of a noun or noun phrase to refer to people, things, concepts, or places. Allows us to be efficient in communicating

Reflexive pronouns

Used when a person or entity performs an action on his-, her-, or itself. (myself, yourself, itself, ourselves)

Demonstrative pronouns

Identify or highlight a particular antecedent (this, that, these, those)

Indefinite pronouns

Does not refer to a specific person or group of people, but rather a general and nonexistent group (All, one, any, other, everyone, such, something, both)

Relative pronouns

Embed or conjoin a portion of a sentence to the rest of the sentence via subordination (Lynn told her who was coming) (That, what, who, which)

Interrogative pronouns

Used to ask wh- questions (who, whose, why, what, which)

Verbs

Demote actions or states of being. Can also constitute a sentence

Main verbs

Principle descriptor of action or state (She stood in line)

Auxiliary verbs

Helping verbs, provide additional information (She is standing in line)

Be verbs

Modals, especially difficult for children and adults with language disorders. May serve as a main verb or an auxiliary verb (He is sick. He is walking.) (is, am, are, was, were, will be, have been, is being)

Uncontracted form

Full form (I am happy)

Contracted form

Shortened using ‘ (I’m happy)

Contractible

Can be shortened

Uncontractible

Cannot be shortened

Intransitive verb

Stands by itself, does not need an object (He sleeps. She dreams. They walk.)

Transitive verb

The action or state of the subject is transferred over to an object (He bought….a new car) (requires the word “something” after it.)

Simple present, past, future

States a fact or habit. I study. I studied. I will study.

Progressive present, past, future

Shows an ongoing action that are, were, or will be in progress at a specific point in time. I am studying. I was studying. I will be studying.

Perfect present, past, future

Shows a completed or perfected action at a specific point in time. I have studied. I had studied. I will have studied

How is past tense different from past perfect tense?

Past tense describes a finished action in the past or two events that happened at around the same time. (The train left before I went to school.)

Past perfect tense focuses on the sequence of two events (before, after, by the time, already)-considered a strict grammar rule. (The train had left (past perfect) by the time I arrived (simple past)).

Verb voice

-Active

-Passive

Active voice

When the subject is the doer of the action. (Miguel is eating the apple.)

Passive voice

When the subject is the receiver of the action. (The apple is being eaten by Miguel)

Verb mood

-Indicative mood

-Imperative mood

-Subjunctive mood

Indicative mood

Used to state facts, express opinions, or ask questions.

Imperative mood

Used to issue direct commands, requests, or instruction

Subjunctive mood

Expresses wishes, hypothetical situations, or formal demands and suggestions.

Verbals

Derived from verbs. Considered non-finite verbs because they do not show tense, number or subject agreement. They function as other parts of speech - nouns, adjectives, adverbs

Three types of verbals

-Infinitives

-Gerunds

-Participles

Infinitives

Form- Usually “to” + the base form of the verb (to run, to eat)

Function- Act as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs

Ex: To learn is a lifelong pursuit. (Acting as the subject/noun)

Gerunds

Form- End in -ing (identical form to the present participle)

Function- Always acts as nouns

Ex: Swimming is my favorite hobby (Acting as the subject/noun)

Participles

Form- End in -ing (present participle, e.g. running, eating) or -ed/-en (past participle, run, eaten, damaged)

Function- Act as adjectives or part of multi-word verb tenses

Ex (adjective): The sleeping baby looked peaceful.

Ex (verb phrase): He is sleeping right now.