PSYCH 121 TEST 2 MASTER SET

Laboratory Research

observing/manipulating varibales in a controlled/designed experiment

complex experiment design

manipulating multiple variables

field research

observing real-world situations, participants are unaware they are being studied

survey research

mass gathering of data, studying differences in thoughts.behaviours/attitudes across individuals

subtle/nonconsious research

measuring involuntary/nonconscious responses

priming

exposure to one stimuli unconsciously influences response to subsequent stimuli

bioethical principles

beneficence, malevolence, respect for authority, justice

Social loafing: Bibb Latane

exerting less effort when working with a group, compared to working alone

bystander effect: bibb latane

more people present, less individuals are likely to help

social facilitation

the improvement of tasks as a result of the presence of others

halo effect

individuals with characters we find desirable will have OTHER desirable traits

Muzafer Sherif

autokinetic effect --> conformity in ambiguous situations

Solomon Asch

line study, conformity

Stanley milgram

obedience

leon festinger

cognitive dissonance, social comparison

philip zimbardo

standford prison experiment

perfectionism

the tendency to strive for high personal standard, while having great concern over mistakes

positive perfectionism

high personal standards, achieving excellence

negative perfectionism

excessive worry about failure, concern about under-achieving

Big-5 Personality traits

openness to experience, conscientiousness, agreeableness, extraversion, emotional stability (neurocticism)

Kaupapa maori research

Maori way of conducting research: by Maori, for Maori, with Maori

Tino Rangatiratanga

Maori determination, ensuring Maori control throughout research process

Taonga tuku iho

Maori way of doing and being, normalising Maori practices

Ako Maori

honouring culturally preferred teaching methods

Kia piki ake I nga raruaru o te kainga

acknowledging economic imbalance between Maori and Pakeha

Whanau

considering the extended family as a whole unit

Kaupapa

collective vision for research outcomes

Ata

reciprocal relationships

Te tiriti o Waitangi

honouring te tiriti, valuing/uplifting Maori research

challenges of KM

western institutions (ethics, funding)

benefits of KM

relationship between participant & researcher, insight into non-WEIRD populations

Te whare tapu wha

tinana - physical, Wairua - spiritual, Hinengaro - cognitive, Whanau - relationships

what we do know about mental illness?

affected by biological, social factors

relatively 'dimensional' and 'continuous'

pluralism

multiple ways of thinking/practicing

classification of mental illness

descriptive: distinguished based on observable factors

casual: underlying group cause

DSM-5

index mental disorders

diagnosis using criteria

limitations of the DSM

fails to acknowledge 'dimensionality'

very categorical --> you either do or don't have x mental disorder

what is a theory?

scientific explanation of how something works

transdiagnostic mechanism

chunk of a theory that can apply across multiple diagnosis (e.g. clarks model of panic attacks)

examples of transdiagnostic mechanism

anxiety sensitivity, hyperventilation, avoidance

formulation

a theory/explanation of an individual presenting problems

anxiety

fear/survival response

habituation

showing a infant something till they lose interest, measuring how long it takes for them to regain interest when something changes

First established in?

1960's by Robert Fantz

violation of expectation

when what we expect to happen doesn't occur

VoE established in?

1980's by Renee Baillargeon

Normative protest paradigm

document children's response to norm violation as an indicator of their understanding of social norms

3 phases of normative protest paradigm

1. warm up

2. demonstration

3. experimental

minimal group paradigm

manipulation of 'in/out groups' of experimental models to study children's process of social/group membership

2 functions of imitation

1. cognitive function promoting learning about events in the world

2. interpersonal function promoting children's sharing of experience with otehrs

Vgotsky theory

every function in a childs development appears twice

Vygotsky's functions

1. social level

2. individual level

3. high functions originate as relationship between human individuals

normative protest

verbal protest

imperative protest

subtle protest

the pursuit of goals: Allergy et al. (1995)

habituated infants to dot 'jumping' over obstacles

the pursuit of goals: Meltzoff (1998)

majority of infants produce the novel behaviour

Instrumental vs conventional stances: instrumental behaviour

when imitating instrumental bhaviour --> focal point is the end goal

Instrumental vs ritual stances: conventional behaviour

when imitating conventional behaviour --> focal poin is the normative execution of behaviour

Nature vs Nurture

contribution of innate and environmental factors in a Childs development

pedagogical vs observational

western culture promotes learning through adult interaction

other cultures promote learning through observation

collaborative vs individual

indigenous children approach learning collaboratively

Habituation in babies

will they be interested again once something changes?

VoE in babies

do infants have an expectation of how something will end?

anticipatory looking

where do they look in anticipation of something happening

cultural identity

who you are as apart of your culture

ethnic identity

how important your ethnicity is to you

te wheke

octopus model that represent all areas of wellbeing

hippocrates

phyisgonmy, 4 fluids

kant

assigned traits to 4 fluids

wundt

changeable/unchangeable, emotional/unemotional

freud

topographic and structural model (super-ego, ego & id)

carl jung

collective consciousness --> shared mind all humans share

learning persepctive

experience shapes personality

humanistic perspective

individual growth + self actualisation

biological + evolutionary persepctive

genetic + physiological personality traits

trait persepctive

identifying + measuring personality traits

collectivist culture

community focused (asia, south america)

individualistic culture

individual focused (USA, UK)

cultural bias

the same personality trait can be applied across multiple culture --> universalism

chimpanzee vs human child learning: OPAQUE BOX

both chimp and child imitated all actions, even unnecessary ones

chimpanzee vs human child learning: TRANSPARENT BOX

actions were realised to be unnecessary

chimpanzee

skipped unnecessary action, understood cause and effect

practical intelligence

human children

imitated unnecessary action, even they were aware they were useless

pre-disposed to imitate all actions

Fong et al, (2023)

children use social imitation to learn/acquire social norms

selective trust

children prefer learning from those they deem similar (language, accent)

imitation and selective traits

imitation enables understanding of social norms

selective trust provides creidble cultural models

motivations for social learning

affiliate with group members, seek those who children deem "knowledgable"