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Civil War Amendments
13th, 14th, 15th amendments addressing slavery and rights.
Moderates
Balance between liberal and conservative ideologies.
Liberals
Support government-led social and economic reforms.
Conservatives
Favor limited government and traditional values.
Radicals
Seek extreme changes in society or governance.
Impact of Federalism
Promotes local governance while preventing power concentration.
Checks on Executive Power
Congress can override vetoes and impeach officials.
Judicial Checks
Courts can declare laws and actions unconstitutional.
Checks and Balances
System preventing any government branch from dominance.
Legislative Branch
Congress; makes laws and checks executive actions.
Executive Branch
President; enforces laws and commands military.
Judicial Branch
Courts; interprets laws and checks constitutionality.
Veto Power
President's ability to reject legislation from Congress.
Impeachment
Process to remove President or federal judges.
Judicial Review
Judiciary's power to invalidate unconstitutional laws.
Marbury v. Madison
Case establishing judicial review in 1803.
Federalism
Division of power between national and state governments.
Exclusive Powers
Powers reserved solely for the federal government.
Concurrent Powers
Powers shared by federal and state governments.
Reserved Powers
Powers not given to federal government, held by states.
Amendment Process
Procedure to change the Constitution's text.
Proposal Stage
Requires two-thirds vote in Congress or state legislatures.
Ratification Stage
Approval by three-fourths of state legislatures or conventions.
Bill of Rights
First ten amendments protecting individual liberties.
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery in the United States.
14th Amendment
Guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under law.
19th Amendment
Granted women the right to vote.
22nd Amendment
Limited presidential terms to two.
27th Amendment
Regulated congressional pay increases, ratified late.
Expressed Powers
Powers explicitly stated in the Constitution.
Implied Powers
Powers derived from the Necessary and Proper Clause.
Political Parties
Organizations that influence governance and voter alignment.
Ideological Spectrum
Range of political beliefs from radical to moderate.