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anatomy
the study of the structure of the body and its parts
physiology
the study of the function of the body and its parts
gross anatomy
the study of the macroscopic structures of an organism
systemic anatomy
anatomy of an organ system
organ
a group of tissues specialized of a particular function
tissues
groups of cells forming various building materials of the body
histology
the study of tissues
diaphragm
muscle that seprates the chest/thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
what cavity does the brain sit?
the carnival cavity
superior (cranial or cephalad)
toward the head; above
inferior (caudal)
away from the head; below
proximal
close to the point of attachment of a limb
distal
farther from the point of attachment of a limb
posterior (dorsal)
toward the backbone; behind
anterior (ventral)
toward the front of the body; in front of
lateral
away from the midline; on the outer side of
medial
toward the midline; on the inner side of
deep
away from the body surface; more internal
superficial
toward or at the body surface; external
everything associated with the center of the body (head, neck, trunk) are considered...
axial parts
everything associated with the arms and legs are considered...
appendicular parts
anatomical position
the position acquired when one stands erect with the feet facing forward, the upper limbs hanging at the sides, and the palms facing forward with the thumbs to the outside
midline
imaginary line dividing the body into left and right sides
frontal
divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
transverse
divides the body into superior and inferior portions
sagittal
divides the body into left and right sides
what are the 11 organ systems?
cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, reproductive, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, integumentary, lymphatic, muscular, and urinary
function and organs for cardiovascular
transports and pumps blood : heart, blood vessels, blood
function and organs for nervous
detects sensation/the environment and communicates with/activates other parts of the body : brain, spinal cord, nerves
function and organs for skeletal
supports and protects, gives shape and protection, allows movement : bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints
function and organs for reproductive
female: produces eggs, implantation, and development
function and organs for respiratory
delivers air to lungs for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between air and blood : lungs, diaphragm
function and organs for digestive
processes and absorbs nutrients, breaks down food to be used in the body, eliminates waste : mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, etc...
function and organs for endocrine
produces and releases hormones, influences metabolism and growth : thyroid, pituitary, adrenals, pancreas
function and organs for integumentary
protection, prevents water loss, regulates body temperature : skin, hair, nails, etc...
function and organs for lymphatic
protects against infection, collects, flitters, and transports fluid, maintains fluid, absorbs fat : lymph nodes, spleen
function and organs for muscular
permits movement of the body, maintains posture, circulates blood throughout the body, moves the skeleton, generates heat : muscles
function and organs for urinary
production, storage, eliminates urine, and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance : kidneys, bladder, ureter, urethra
what are the four types of tissues?
nervous, muscular, connective, and epithelial
nervous tissue
makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and has the ability to conduct electrical signals
muscular tissue
enables your skeleton to move, your heart to beat, and your other internal organs to push or fluid along
connective tissue
makes up bone, cartilage, the deep layer of the skin, the bindings or connectors around and between organs, the bridge of noses, and the flexible part of ears
epithelial tissue
the surface of the skin, inner lining of your respiratory passages, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts, and finally, glands such as the thyroid gland and liver are made up from this tissue
what are the seven levels or organization?
(1) whole organism, (2) organ systems, (3) organs, (4) tissues, (5) cells, (6) organelles, and (7) molecules
whole organism
made up of the 11 organ system
organ systems
consists of groups of organs that work together to perform related functions
organs
group of tissues specialized for a particular function
tissues
groups of cells forming various building materials of the body
cells
made up of organelles
organelles
the "little organs" of the cells, made up of molecules
molecules
complex arrangements of atoms
homeostasis
a state of dynamic equilibrium in the body with respect to its internal environment
set point
ideal normal value of a variable around which homeostasis is maintained through a normal range of values that are accepted in the body
stress
a factor that causes one or more physiological variables to move away from its homeostasis set point (internal/external)
control center
the part of the body, central nervous system or endocrine gland, that receives information about a variable, determines the set point, and signals a response to correct imbalances
receptor
a structure in the body that monitors the values of the body's variables
effector
a structure in the body that can change the value of a variable in response to a signal from the control center
the set point for temperature is
98.6
the set point for blood pressure is
120/80
the set point for heart rate is
60 to 80
the set point for oxygen is
96 to 100%
the set point for blood sugar levels is
96 to 100
what the two organ systems that are responsible for deciding if a variable is moving away from a state of homeostasis?
the central nervous system and the endocrine gland
the central nervous system and the endocrine gland are considered your...
control system
the endocrine system secretes chemical messengers called...
hormones
stress is an imbalance of the what or what environment that causes one or more what to move away from its set point
the internal or external, one or more variables
negative feedback system
a control mechanism consisting of receptors, control center, and effectors through which homeostasis in the body is maintained by regulation of the body's organ systems, its called this because the control system OPPOSES or REVERSES the original stress