anatomy test #1 9.19.23

anatomy

the study of the structure of the body and its parts

physiology

the study of the function of the body and its parts

gross anatomy

the study of the macroscopic structures of an organism

systemic anatomy

anatomy of an organ system

organ

a group of tissues specialized of a particular function

tissues

groups of cells forming various building materials of the body

histology

the study of tissues

diaphragm

muscle that seprates the chest/thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

what cavity does the brain sit?

the carnival cavity

superior (cranial or cephalad)

toward the head; above

inferior (caudal)

away from the head; below

proximal

close to the point of attachment of a limb

distal

farther from the point of attachment of a limb

posterior (dorsal)

toward the backbone; behind

anterior (ventral)

toward the front of the body; in front of

lateral

away from the midline; on the outer side of

medial

toward the midline; on the inner side of

deep

away from the body surface; more internal

superficial

toward or at the body surface; external

everything associated with the center of the body (head, neck, trunk) are considered...

axial parts

everything associated with the arms and legs are considered...

appendicular parts

anatomical position

the position acquired when one stands erect with the feet facing forward, the upper limbs hanging at the sides, and the palms facing forward with the thumbs to the outside

midline

imaginary line dividing the body into left and right sides

frontal

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

transverse

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

sagittal

divides the body into left and right sides

what are the 11 organ systems?

cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, reproductive, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, integumentary, lymphatic, muscular, and urinary

function and organs for cardiovascular

transports and pumps blood : heart, blood vessels, blood

function and organs for nervous

detects sensation/the environment and communicates with/activates other parts of the body : brain, spinal cord, nerves

function and organs for skeletal

supports and protects, gives shape and protection, allows movement : bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints

function and organs for reproductive

female: produces eggs, implantation, and development

function and organs for respiratory

delivers air to lungs for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between air and blood : lungs, diaphragm

function and organs for digestive

processes and absorbs nutrients, breaks down food to be used in the body, eliminates waste : mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, etc...

function and organs for endocrine

produces and releases hormones, influences metabolism and growth : thyroid, pituitary, adrenals, pancreas

function and organs for integumentary

protection, prevents water loss, regulates body temperature : skin, hair, nails, etc...

function and organs for lymphatic

protects against infection, collects, flitters, and transports fluid, maintains fluid, absorbs fat : lymph nodes, spleen

function and organs for muscular

permits movement of the body, maintains posture, circulates blood throughout the body, moves the skeleton, generates heat : muscles

function and organs for urinary

production, storage, eliminates urine, and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance : kidneys, bladder, ureter, urethra

what are the four types of tissues?

nervous, muscular, connective, and epithelial

nervous tissue

makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and has the ability to conduct electrical signals

muscular tissue

enables your skeleton to move, your heart to beat, and your other internal organs to push or fluid along

connective tissue

makes up bone, cartilage, the deep layer of the skin, the bindings or connectors around and between organs, the bridge of noses, and the flexible part of ears

epithelial tissue

the surface of the skin, inner lining of your respiratory passages, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts, and finally, glands such as the thyroid gland and liver are made up from this tissue

what are the seven levels or organization?

(1) whole organism, (2) organ systems, (3) organs, (4) tissues, (5) cells, (6) organelles, and (7) molecules

whole organism

made up of the 11 organ system

organ systems

consists of groups of organs that work together to perform related functions

organs

group of tissues specialized for a particular function

tissues

groups of cells forming various building materials of the body

cells

made up of organelles

organelles

the "little organs" of the cells, made up of molecules

molecules

complex arrangements of atoms

homeostasis

a state of dynamic equilibrium in the body with respect to its internal environment

set point

ideal normal value of a variable around which homeostasis is maintained through a normal range of values that are accepted in the body

stress

a factor that causes one or more physiological variables to move away from its homeostasis set point (internal/external)

control center

the part of the body, central nervous system or endocrine gland, that receives information about a variable, determines the set point, and signals a response to correct imbalances

receptor

a structure in the body that monitors the values of the body's variables

effector

a structure in the body that can change the value of a variable in response to a signal from the control center

the set point for temperature is

98.6

the set point for blood pressure is

120/80

the set point for heart rate is

60 to 80

the set point for oxygen is

96 to 100%

the set point for blood sugar levels is

96 to 100

what the two organ systems that are responsible for deciding if a variable is moving away from a state of homeostasis?

the central nervous system and the endocrine gland

the central nervous system and the endocrine gland are considered your...

control system

the endocrine system secretes chemical messengers called...

hormones

stress is an imbalance of the what or what environment that causes one or more what to move away from its set point

the internal or external, one or more variables

negative feedback system

a control mechanism consisting of receptors, control center, and effectors through which homeostasis in the body is maintained by regulation of the body's organ systems, its called this because the control system OPPOSES or REVERSES the original stress