Classifications of Joints + Synovial Joints

What are the two classifications of joints?

functional and structural

What are the types of functional joints?

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses

What are the types of structural joints?

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

(F) immovable 

Type: Synarthroses 

Location: Sutures and gomphoses 

(F) partially immovable

Type: amphiarthroses

Location: pubic symphysis, syndesmosis, synchondroses, and intervertebral disc

(F) freely movable

Type: diarthroses

Location: any synovial joint 

(S) bones connected through fibrous tissue

Type: fibrous

Location: sutures, gomphoses, and distal tibiofibular joint, b/w radius and ulna, and tibia and fibula

(S) cartilage connects tissue between bones 

type: cartilaginous

location: epiphyseal, symphyses, synchondroses

(S) bones connected with hyaline cartilage and surrounded by a joint capsule 

type: synovial

locations: shoulder, wrist, elbow, fingers, hip, knee, ankle, and toes 

what is syndesmosis membrane? 

how is it classified?

where is it present? 

greater distance between articulating surfaces and more dense irregular tissue 

it is a functional amphiarthroses with structural fibrous tissue 

present at distal tibiofibular joint

what is interosseous membrane? 

how is it classified?

where is it present? 

a substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue binding neighboring long bones

functional amphiarthroses with structural fibrous tissue 

between radius+ulna, and tibia+fibula

what is synchondroses? 

how is it classified?

where is it present?

joint where articulating material between bones is hyaline cartilage

functionally amphiarthroses, structurally cartilaginous

cartilaginous junction of the first rib with the manubrium of the sternum

what is symphyses?

how is it classified?

where is it present?

bones are fused by a layer of fibrocartilage

functionally amphiarthroses, structurally cartilaginous

pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs 

what is epiphyseal?

how is it classified?

where is it present?

growth centers during endochondral bone formation

functionally synarthroses, structurally cartilaginous

epiphyseal (growth) plate that connects the epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing bone

What are the types of synovial joints?

planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket joint 

helps in maintaining flexibility and range of motion, with a flat and slightly curved articular surface 

type: planar joint 

type of motion: gliding and sliding 

location: between the navicular and the 2nd + 3rd cuneiforms 

helps with articulating bones with a cylindrical-shaped bone and fitting into a trough like surface

type: hinge joint 

type of motion: uniaxial movement, flexion and extension 

location: distal humerus and proximal ulna 

cylindrical bone fits into a ring-like structure

type: pivot joint

type of movement: allows bones to rotate into a ring-like structure

location: atlantoaxial joint, radioulnar joint

convex oval shape projection of bone fits intro the oval shaped depression of another bone 

type: condyloid joint 

type of movement: two dimensional movement, flexion and extension, abduction and adduction

location: between radius, scaphoid, and lunate 

reciprocal concave and convex surfaces fit into concave depression

type: saddle joint 

movement: 2 dimensions, flexion + extension, and abduction + adduction 

location: between trapezium of carpus and first metacarpal of the thumb 

ball shaped bone end that fits into a cup-like depression of another bone, the most extensive range of motion 

type: ball-and-socket-joint 

movement: flexion + extension, abduction + adduction, and rotation 

location: between head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone, and humerus and scapula