HUMAN FACtoRS

BCNSSO

In aviation, __________ is dedicated to better understanding how humans can most safely and efficiently be integrated with the technology

Human Factors

According to ICAO Doc 9683, Human Factors is about people. It is about people in their _________________, and it is about their ________________, _________, and ________________.

“working and living environments”, “relationship with equipment”, “procedures”, “the environment”

____________ is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.

Human Factors

Human Factors is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of ___________________ and ___________, and the ________ that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design to ________________ and ______________________.

interactions among humans, other elements of a system, profession — optimize human well-being, overall system performance

Human Factors has come to be concerned with diverse elements in the aviation system which includes:

• human behavior and performance

• decision making and other cognitive processes

• design of control and displays

• flight deck and cabin layout

• communication and software aspects of computers

• maps, charts, and documentation

• refinement of training

What is human factors in civil aviation?

1. refers to the study of human capabilities and limitations in the workplace

2. is about understanding how people interact with the world their capabilities and limitations, and influencing human activity to improve how people do their work

Who began research in the area of anthropometrics in 1487?

Leonardo Da Vinci

It can be described as one of the earliest sources presenting guidelines for anthropometry

Vitruvian Man

The vitruvian man (1490) by Leonardo da Vinci based on his studies of ______, ______________, and ______, bridging the gap between art and mathematics

human proportion, symmetry, and balance

Who developed the concept of using “callbacks” to reduce human error in medicine?

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth (I.E.s)

Worked with large gliders to develop the first practical human interactive controls for aircraft pitch, roll, and yaw

Orville and Wilbur Wright

What document refers to the “Human Factors Training Manual”

ICAO Doc 9683 (1st Edition 1998)

Disciplines of Human Factors

1. Industrial engineering

2. Clinical Psychology

3. Experimental Psychology

4. Medical Science

5. Organization Psychology

6. Educational Psychology

7. Computer Science

8. Anthropometric Science

9. Cognitive Science

10. Safety Engineering

includes the study and application of psychology for understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development.

It focuses on the mental well-being of the individual

can help individuals deal with stress, coping mechanisms for adverse situations, poor self-image, and accepting criticism from coworkers

Clinical Psychology

includes the study of a variety of basic behavioral

processes, often in a laboratory

environment.

• Concerned with testing theories of human thoughts, feelings, actions, and beyond – any aspects of being human that involve the mind.

• To perform experiments to determine if there is a cause-and-effect relationship between different variables.

Experimental Psychology

is the study of the dimensions and abilities of the human body.

• The comparative study of the measurements and capabilities of the human body.

Anthropometry

ANTHROPOS – “_______” and METRON – “_____”

Human, Measure

is a discipline concerned with the design of tools, machines, and systems that take into account human capabilities, limitations, and characteristics.

Safety Engineering

is the interdisciplinary scientific study of minds as information processors

1. The study of how the mind works, functions and behaves.

2. The discipline of ___________ helps us understand how to better assist personnel during situations that create high levels of stress so that their mental process does not get interrupted and affect their ability to work.

Cognitive Science

is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems

Computer Science

is the science and art of healing.

• It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness.

• Disposition and physical well-being are very important and directly correlated to human factors.

Medical Science

is concerned with relations between people and work.

Organizational psychology

study how people learn and design the methods and materials used to educate people of all ages.

• Everyone learns differently and at a different pace.

• Supervisors should design blocks of instruction that relate to a wide variety of learning styles.

Educational Psychology

is the organized approach to the study of work.
• It is important for supervisors to set reasonable work standards that can be met and exceeded.

• It is also beneficial to have an efficient facility layout so that there is room to work.

• Another aspect is the statistical analysis of work performance.

industrial engineering

Errors attributed to humans in the system may be:

1. design-induced

2. stimulated by inadequate training

3. badly designed procedures

4. the poor concept or layout of checklists/manuals

Understanding Human factors will lead to:

1. improvement of human performance

2. reduction of human error

The need for application of Human Factors (aims)

1. Safety

2. Efficiency

3. Well-being of operational personnel

is the highest priority of all involved in aviation

safety

Factors that may influence the well-being of operational personnel

1. fatigue

2. body rhythm disturbance

3. sleep deprivation or disturbance

a condition reflecting inadequate rest, as well as a collection of symptoms associated with displaced or disturbed biological rhythms.

Fatigue

is induced by long duty periods or by a string of particularly demanding tasks performed in a short term

acute fatigue

is induced by cumulative effects of fatigue over the longer term

chronic fatigue

may result from emotional stress, even with normal physical rest

mental fatigue

The most commonly recognized is the ______ or 24 hr rhythm

circadian rhythm

is the common term for disturbance or desynchronization of body rhythms, and refers to the lack of well-being experienced after long-distance transmeridian air travel.

Jet Lag

a state caused by inadequate quantity or quality of sleep, including voluntary or involuntary sleeplessness.

Sleep Deprivation

defines a condition where a person has difficulty sleeping or when the quality of sleep is poor.

Insomnia

Resolution of the problem of sleep deprivation or disturbance includes:

1. scheduling crews (circadian rhythms

2. adapting the diet

3. recognizing the adverse long-term effects of drugs

4. optimizing the sleeping environment

5. learning relaxation techniques

is a conceptual tool used to analyze the interaction of multiple system components.

ICAO SHEL(L) MODEL

What document is Safety Management Manual

ICAO DOC 9859

useful to illustrate the impact and interaction of the different system components on the human, and emphasizes the need to consider human factors as an integrated part of safety risk management.

SHEL(L) Model

the rules, procedures, written documents etc., which are part of the standard operating procedures.

Software

machines and equipment; the Air Traffic Control suites, their configuration, controls and surfaces, displays and functional systems.

Hardware

the working environment in which the rest of the L-H-S system must function, the social and economic climate as well as the natural environment.

Environment

the human beings - the controller with other controllers, flight crews, engineers and maintenance personnel, management, and administration; people - within the system.

Liveware

The critical focus of the model is the ______ at the front line of operations and depicted in the center of the model.

Humans

is the relationship between the human and the supporting systems found in the workplace,

considers the processes and procedures - how easy they are to follow and understand, and is capable of being implemented.

e.g. regulations, manuals, checklists, publications, processes and procedures, and computer software

L-S interface

refers to the relationship between the human and the physical attributes of equipment, machines, and facilities.

L-H interface

involves the relationship between the human and the physical environment.

L-E interface

is the relationship and interaction between people in their work environment.

L-L interface

According to the SHEL(L) Model, a ______between the liveware and the other four components can contribute to _______.

mismatch, human error

examples of deficiencies in safety

Exa1. uncomfortable workplace

2. poorly designed checklists

3. shortage of manpower

4. poor aircraft design for maintainability

5. misinterpretation of procedures

6. excessive noise

7. not enough tools

8. lack of support from managers

Dirty Dozen (Transport Canada)

degrade people’s ability to perform effectively and safely, which could lead to maintenance errors.

The term “_____________” is of no help in accident prevention

because although it may indicate WHERE in the system a

breakdown occurs, it provides no guidance as to WHY it occurs.

human error

• design-induced or

• stimulated by inadequate training.

• badly designed procedures.

• the poor concept or layout of checklists or manuals or

An error attributed to humans in the system may have been:

There are three types of human error:

1. Omission

2. Commission

3. Extraneous

There are also four consequences of

human error:

1. Little or no effect.

2. Damage to equipment/hardware.

3. Personal injury.

4. Catastrophic.

Human error: not performing an act or task.

Omission

Human error: accomplishing a task incorrectly.

Commission

Human error: performing a task not authorized

Extraneous

often appears at the top of contributing and causal factors in accident reports.

Only 30% of verbal communication is received and understood by either side in a conversation.

(Transmitted instructions may be unclear or inaccessible.

The receiver may make assumptions about the meaning of these instructions, and the transmitter may assume that the message has been received and understood.)

Lack of Communication

can be described as a feeling of self-satisfaction accompanied by a loss of awareness of potential dangers.

A repetitive task, especially an inspection item, may be overlooked or skipped because the technician has performed the task a number of times without ever finding a fault.

Complacency

is simply a lack of understanding or experience for the task at hand.

Lack of Knowledge

it’s a symbol of designing for people, ensuring comfort, safety, and usability in everything from furniture to technology

Vitruvian Man

could be anything that draws a person’s attention away from the task on which they are employed

Distraction

is failure to work together to complete a shared goal
(closely related to lack of communication)

Lack of teamwork

a condition reflecting inadequate rest, as well as a collection of symptoms associated with displaced or disturbed biological rhythms.

Fatigue

not having enough people, skill, equipment, tools, documentation, time, parts, etc., to complete a task.

Lack of resources

to get things repaired is always present in aviation. Real or perceived forces demanding high-level job performance.

Pressure

is a communication and behavioral style that allows us to express feelings, opinions, concerns, beliefs, and needs in a positive and productive manner.

Assertiveness

is failing to alert others when something does not seem right can result in many fatal accidents.

Lack of assertiveness

refers to a state of physical, mental, or emotional strain due to some external or internal stimulus that causes physical or mental tension.

stress

is the subconscious response to the demands placed on a

person.

Stress

is failure to recognize a situation, understand what it is, and predict the possible results.

Lack of awareness

They are unwritten rules that are followed or tolerated.

Norms

Enumerate the DIRTY DOZEN

Lack of communication

Complacency

Lack of Knowledge

Distractions

Lack of Teamwork

Fatigue

Lack of Resources

Pressure

Lack of Assertiveness

Stress

Lack of Awareness

Norms

is a deliberate deviation from rules, procedures, or standards.

violation

a type of error that occurs when a person chooses the wrong plan or action, often due to incorrect understanding or knowledge.

mistake

is a general term for any unintended action or decision that leads to an undesired outcome.

error