urinary exam

what is the function of the kidney?

filtrates blood to get rid of liquid waste, regulate water balance

what is the path of filtrate?

afferent arteriole → glomerular capillaries/capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → descending limb → loop of henle → ascending limb → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → bladder → urethra → external environment

what is the path of blood?

aorta → renal artery → renal arteriole → afferent arteriole → glomerular capillaries → efferent arteriole → paratubular capillaries → renal venuole → renal vein → vena cava

what is filtration?

filtrate is removed from the blood in the glomerulus through a permeable membrane

what are the three filtration pressure?

glomerular hydrostatic pressure, capsular pressure, and osmotic pressure

what is glomerular hydrostatic pressure?

pressure increasing as blood passes through the afferent and efferent arterioles that squeezes solutes out of blood/capillaries into the capsule

what is capsular pressure?

as fluid is being squeezed into the capsule, pressure is being pushed back on the blood vessel because Bowman’s capsule isn’t permeable or stretchy

what is osmotic pressure?

the filtrate (mostly water) wanting to move back into the capillaries because of the high to low concentration

what are the types of reabsorption and where are they?

active, passive, and osmosis, in the proximal convoluted tubule

what are the materials that are reabsorbed during active reabsorption?

sodium, glucose, and amino acids

what are the materials that are reabsorbed during passive reabsorption?

Cl^-, PO₄^-3, and HCO₃

what is the type of solution in the descending limb and loop on henle?

hypertonic

what is the descending limb and loop of henle permeable to?

water, meaning that solutes stay inside the tubule and water is reabsorbed

what type of solution is in the ascending limb?

hypotonic

what is the ascending limb permeable to?

solutes, especially NaCl, potassium, and calcium

what happens when you have ADH?

water stays in the DCT and collecting ducts and is excreted

where does secretion happen?

the distal convoluted tubules

what are some substances that are secreted?

hydrogen ions (for pH control), potassium, penicillin, histamine, NH₄⁺, and drugs

what are the layers of the bladder?

transitional epithelium, submucosa, muscle layer, and serous layer

what is the capacity of the urinary bladder?

600mL

where do the ureters enter and why?

they enter at the bottom of the bladder so urine pools upward, preventing UTIs but providing bacterial access to the kidneys

what happens do cause micturition/urination?

detrusor muscle contracts, internal urethral sphincter opens, and external uretheral sphincter opens

what are some physical characteristics of urine?

color/transparency, odor, pH (5.5-6), specific gravity (1), nitrogenous wastes (urea, uric acid, and creatine), and solutes (Na, K, PO₄³, SO₄², Ca, Mg, and HCO₃

compare filtrate vs plasma

filtrate lacks the proteins that plasma has that cannot pass through the kidneys

what are factors that can affect filtration rate in the nephron?

filtration pressure, blood pressure, blood clots, vessel diameter, and kidney stones

explain how the diameters of the afferent and efferent arterioles affect the rate of glomerular filtration

pressure increase - afferent up, efferent down
pressure decrease - afferent down, efferent up