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germ theory
the idea that specific pathogens can cause specific disease
how did germ theory impact treatments?
they originally did bloodletting and mercury injections but germ theory resulted in them to do antibiotics in less than 100 years
contagion theory
the idea that disease could spread from person to person through little seeds (semina)
miasma theory:
idea that bad air caused disease
zymotic theory
disease cam from little things called zymes that were even smaller than cells and under the right circumstances morphed into bacteria
how did they look for issues in individual pieces of anatomy?
autopsies
how would autopsies be done? (what would they do before and during the autopsy)
record someone's signs + symptoms when they were alive; diagnose them w/ disease; when they died, would cut them open + look for any pattern in the anatomy
pathology
pushed doctors back to the basics: 'what is and where is disease"
who made cell theory? (1837)
Schleiden + Schwann
what is cell theory
every living thing was made of cells
when ideas of cell theory + pathology were combined what did this lead doctors to do?
look for problems at cellular level aka cellular pathology
what did cell theory say about miasma?
instead of bad air causing disease, air could carry things that caused disease
what did Jacob Henle theorize
people in the same area could get sick with the same thing
what did Henle say were the three causes of disease?
miasmas, contagious, and hybrid miasmatic-contagious
what did Henle think about microscopic living things?
seeds of disease weren't miniature versions of disease, they were microscopic living things that caused disease but thought this would be impossible to prove
what did Henle say about air?
air could carry things that caused disease
Henle's Postulates
the microogranism had to consistently be found in bodies suffering from the disease
the microorganism needs to be isolated
when that microbe was put inside a new host, it had to produce the original disease
what was Louis Pasteur's invention that gave him respect?
chirality
what is chirality
crystals had distinct, mirror opposite shapes of themselves
what did Pasteur study at the University of Lille?
process of fermentation
which did Pasteur discover about fermentation?
it is a biological thing, not chemical
milk spoiled because microscopic yeasts fermented and the sugars in the milk became lactic acid
he proposed that yeasts process sugar into alcohol
putrefaction:
the process of bloating and rotting that happens to a corpse after it dies
what did Pasteur think fermentation was similar to?
putrefaction
how did Antoine Bechamp respond to Pasteur?
he published a similar hypothesis on fermentation before Pastuer's paper through the lens of zymotic theory
what did Bechamp's paper say?
cane sugar turned into glucose and fructose in water, and claimed that they broke apart due to a substance called zymase which would've made fermentation more chemical than biological
what was Bechamp's argument after Pasteur's paper?
said he forgot to mention mold when Pasteur published his theory and Pasteur stole his theory
who disproved spontaneous generation?
Pasteur
what is spontaneous generation?
idea that living things come from nonliving things
what was Pasteur's experiment to disprove spontaneous generation?
one container of broth was open, one close
open one grew mold and closed on did not
what did Pasteur's experiment confirm?
something must have gotten in the open flask and contaminated it
who did a similar experiment to Pasteur with spontaneous generation and what did he do?
Redi did something similar with meat and jars (Pasteur was not the first person to do this experiment)
what would cause drinks to spoil?
when microorganisms grew too much in beer or wine
what did Pasteur invent to stop drinks from spoiling?
pasteurization
what is pasteurization
technique for killing of those bacteria by heating up the beverage
who is Joseph Lister and what did he think?
if putrefaction and fermentation started when the substance was exposed to the air, then sanitizing the air around an open would should prevent infection
what did Lister used originally and later to prevent infection
used cresote then tried other tar derivatives which led to phenol which he sprayed on his surgical patients
what did Lister invent by using sanitization methods?
antiseptic surgery
there was a silkworm disease. what did bechamp claim about this disease?
the worm disease was caused by a zyme called pebrine that lived on the outside of the worms' eggs and a quick spray with carbolic acid should fix the problem
what was Pasteur's idea on how to stop the spread of the silkworm disease?
he separated the diseased silkworm cocoons from the healthy ones in the thought that it might be able to at least stop the spread of the disease
Pasteur's idea on the cause of the disease in the silkworms?
disease was caused by bacteria that putrefied in worms' bodies and isolated 2 different types of bacteria and found that each one was found in a different disease
what was Pasteur's important insight in germ theory regarding the silkworms?
showed specificity
what is specifcity
the idea that a specific disease is associated with a specific bacteria
who was Koch's teacher?
Henle
What did Henle assume about taking samples bacteria?
assumed he'd only be able to take samples of bacteria from infected animal once it was dead
what did Koch do that proved Henle wrong?
Koch came up with a way to extract tissue while they were still alive
what did Koch do to cultivate bacteria?
he took samples from the spleens of cows and sheep that had died from anthrax, gave it to lab mice, and watched them develop anthrax, extracted bacilli from newly infected animal and put that on a slide to look at under microscope
how did Koch's experiment impact science?
the first time someone had isolated a microorganism and caused disease with it which was the start of modern gemr theory
what did Koch claim about his experiment?
you should be able to repeat this same process for any disease-germ combo and find the cause of the disease
Koch's Postulated (OG)
The microorganism must be exhibited in all cases of the disease
The distribution of the microorganism must correlate with and explain the disease phenomena
For each different disease, a morphologically distinguishable microorganism must be identified
Koch's Postulates (Updated: 1884)
The microorganism must be exhibited in all cases of the disease
That germ must be a unique, living microbe that can be distinguished from other microbes
There must be a logical mechanism for the germs to cause the disease
You must be able to isolate and culture the germ outside of the test animal
When you put that germ into a new animal, that new animal has to develop the same symptoms as the original animal
examples of Pasteur copying Koch's work and claiming it had never been done before
started making anthrax vaccine (based on his chicken cholera vaccine which involves taking weakened version of germ and introducing that attenuated germ into immune system to build immunity)
vaccine didn't work but he did successfully vaccine sheep against anthrax
In 1882, Koch discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is what?
the bacteria that causes TB
In 1882 (same yr as Koch), Pasteur came up with what?
vaccine for rabies, making it first human vaccine created w/ germ theory
Koch attempted to isolate Vibrio cholerae which is what?
the bacteria that causes cholera
Koch cultured bacteria in what?
cow eyeball fluid
nutrient-dense broths (broth didn't wokr because everything grew in broth)
gelatin (some microbes broke it down too easily)
who disocvered agar and what was it?
Fannie Hess, it was vegetable jellies that didn't get broken down by bacteria
what was agar's purpose?
trying to identify the single microbe that causes a disease
who invented the petri dish?
julius richard petri
what does the petri dish do?
hold the agar
using pure cultures, Koch could ask whether Vibrio cholerae actually caused cholera or whether is just showed up during cholera and what did it end up showing?
cholera never happened without cholera bacteria
are Koch's postulates strict rules that need to be followed to shwo cauation?
no
what place used germ theory to identify the causative agents of gonorrhea, plague, dysentary, tetanus, and staph infections
Pasteur Insitute in 1888
what is Bechamp's alternative to germ theory
terrain theory
what is terrain theory
our bodies serves as homes, or terrain for zymes and when we're unhealthy, the terrain becomes easier for those zymes to turn into bacteria and cause disease
what was bechamp's main point behind his idea of terrain theory
he was right, pasteur was wrong and plagarized his correct ideas
bechamp also introduced the idea of blood coagulation. what is blood coagulation?
claims that the component of blood that clumps blood cells together into clots (fibrin) is actually a false membrane of microzymes
main ideas in the book "Pasteur or Bechamp"
pasteur plagarized everything and Bechamp was silenced
vaccines are the worst tyrannies imaginable, should be resisted, even to the death of the official who is enforcing it
Some issues with the revised Postulates
same germs could cause different diseases by different mechanisms which violates postulate three
asymptomatic carriers
never able to get animals sick with certain diseases (violated postulate 5)
biggest issue in koch's postulates
viruses
chamberland came up with a device that could do what?
filter bacteria from a solution which left anything smaller behind and concluded there must be something smaller than bacteria to cause disease (toxins or viruses)
in 1920, what modern idea was introduced about viruses and what did this violate?
they replicated inside cells which violated postulates because it means viruses couldn't be cultured in agar
Koch wrote a paper about his postulates that said what?
we can prove a microorganism causes disease without checking every item off the postulates
what did the elctorn microscpe do?
identify viruses faster
Huebner proposed that in addition to lab work, viral diseases would need what too?
epidemiological evidence to show the virus causes a specific disease
do all diseases respond to the same treatment?
no
scientists isolated HIV but couldn't do what?
find it in patients, violating postulate 1
what did Duesberg theorize
HIV didn't cause AIDS
what did the National Institute say in response to Duesberg
HIV did cause Aids despite violating Koch's postulates
Germ theory is a foundation that __ builds on?
biology
Who discovered that disease is caused by natural causes?
Hippocrates
an example of public health in our everyday lives
Washing your hands after using the bathroom
Name the eight public health disciplines
Epidemiology
Health Law and Policy
Health Economics
Environmental Health
Global Health
Emergency Prepardness
Health Ethics and Equity
Health Promotion
Which disease has re-emerged?
Polio
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