AP World History - Columbian Exchange

Define/describe Taíno. How were Taíno and Arawaks connected?

The most prominent people in the Caribbean. They were also known as Arawaks.

What island was the home base of early Spanish settlers? What two modern-day countries are on it today?

The island of Hispaniola, where modern day Haiti and the Dominican Republic are.

What economic issues did the Spanish face (list two)

The Caribbean region offered no silks or spices for the European Market. - Attempted to first support their society by mining gold, But Spanish settlers were too few in number to do this.

Define/describe encomienda and what conditions were like there:

Literally means ‘’(Spanish) settlers’’, This where most of the labor recruitment came from. Conditions were brutal and they punished them severely if they did not deliver expected quantities.

What population change took place in the Caribbean from 1492 to 1540s?

The population plummeted from about 4 million to a few thousand.

In what way was the Caribbean not lucrative economically? How did it become more lucrative in about the 1640s?

They were still optimistic and continued to seek treasure for a century and more. Then, about the 1640s, French, English, and Dutch settlers began to flock to the Caribbean with the intention of establishing plantations.

Define conquistadores and identify the leader of the Spanish expedition that brought down the Aztec Empire and the leader of the Spanish expedition that brought down the Inca Empire (years for both, 2 pts here)

Conquistadores means ‘’conquerors’’. The leader of the expedition that bought down the Aztec Empire was Hernan Cortes (Between 1519 and 1521). And the leader of the expedition that bought down the Inca Empire was Francisco Pizarro (Between 1532 and 1533).

Who were the last two Aztec emperors?

Motecuzoma II & Cuauhtemoc

How are Huascar and Atahualpa relevant to the reading?

They were two brothers within the Inca ruling house

Where was New Spain? Where was New Castile? How were Cuzco and Lima relevant to Spanish rule?

New Spain was in Mexico, New Castile was in Peru. In Peru, they originally hoped to rule from the capital of Cuzco, but they found the altitude unpleasant. They founded lima, and transferred the government to the coast, where it was accessible to Spanish shipping.

How were viceroys and audiencias relevant to the reading?

Viceroys were the King’s representative’s in the Americas. In order to make sure they did not become independent, they were subjected to the review of courts known as audiencias.

When was St. Augustine founded? Where was/is it located?

It was founded in 1565, it was located in Florida.

Define/describe the Treaty of Tordesillas

Spain could claim any land west of the line, so long ask as it was not already under Christian rule, and Portugal gained the same rights for lands east of the line.

List four Indigenous languages still flourishing in the Americas today and their modern-day country/location

Nahuatl (Mexico), K’iche (Guatemala), Guarani (Paraguay), and Quechua (Peru)

How is “northwest passage” relevant to the reading?

French, English, and Dutch mariners sailed the North Atlantic in a northwest passage to Asia.

Were Indigenous civilizations encountered in North America larger empires or less centralized than in Mexico and Peru? Did English and French colonists receive more royal support or more private investment when compared with Spanish and Portuguese?

They were less centralized, they relied more on private investment.

What were the different populations in the territory of the modern-day US by 1800?

600,000.

What two products are noted as important in North America

Fur & Tobacco

Describe the “Indentured Labor” section

Plantations created high demand for cheap labor. To meet this demand, they recruited servants from Europe. Mostly people who had little future. They had came in hopes to become independent.

What role did Queen Isabella of Spain play in terms of religion in the Americas?

Asserted that that indigenous peoples of the western hemisphere were her subjects, and as such had to be converted to christianity.

List two types of Catholic missionaries in the Americas

Franciscan & Dominican

Where is the turkey’s native origin?

The Americas

Note that we will define religious syncretism in class. Define it here based on that discussion

the blending of different religious beliefs into another.

How is the Virgin of Guadalupe relevant to the above term, and which country is she most associated with?

She is connected mostly to Mexico. She synchronized Catholicism with Indigenous influences.

How were French and English religious interactions with Indigenous peoples different from those of the Spanish and from each other?

French and English missionaries did not attract nearly as many converts to Christianity in North America as their as their Spanish counterparts did

How was disease relevant to the Pacific/Oceania?

They experienced significant population loss, due to the arrival of European migrants.

How did Jan Carsten’s describe Australia?

He described it as ‘’the most arid and barren region that could be found anywhere on earth’’

Who charted the area near Australia in 1770?

James Cook

Define penal colony:

a place where prisoners are sent to live and work

In what year did Magellan’s crew cross the Pacific Ocean?

1521

How is Guam relevant to the reading? How is Chamorro relevant to the reading?

Manila galleons called regularly at Guam, For more than a century they took on fresh provisions and engaged in mostly peaceful trade with the indigenous Chamorro people.

What was the most important American crop that arrived in Africa? Why?

Manioc, because of its high yield

What products did African kingdoms acquire in the slave trade, and how did that connect to the trade?

They received firearms from Europe, in exchange of slaves, and they would use these firearms to strengthen military forces.

Define/describe the Islamic slave trade:

A centuries-long system where millions of Africans were enslaved and exported.

List two islands that were uninhabited then became Portuguese colonies/plantations in the Atlantic:

Cape Verde Islands & Sao Tome

Define triangular trade, noting that it was absolutely not a simple triangle and that the situation was far more complex:

A profitable commerce, which helped with the demand for labor in the western hemisphere, since European ships often undertook voyages of three legs.

Define Middle Passage:

The journey aboard filthy and crowded slave ships.

How did the slave trade affect Rwanda and the Masai people? Why?

They escaped it, because they mainly resisted it, and partly because their lands were distant from the major slave ports on the west African coast.