Employment & Unemployment

T2 CC4 (keywords)

Active Population

those in work or actively seeking work; also known as the labour force.

Activity (Participation) Rate

the number of those in work or unemployed divided by the population of working age expressed as a percentage.

Claimant Count

A measure of unemployment, in which the number of people claiming Jobseeker's Allowance (JSA) is counted.

Deindustrialisation

Deindustrialisation refers to the process of a country or region shifting away from manufacturing and industry as the primary drivers of economic growth.

Demand Deficient (Structural) Unemployment

Structural unemployment is a type of unemployment that occurs when the labour market is unable to provide jobs to all individuals who are seeking employment

Emigration

Emigration is the relocation or process of people leaving one country to reside in another.

Employed

the number of people in work. This means they do more than one hour of paid work per week.

Employment Rate

The percentage of the population of working age that is in a job.

Frictional Unemployment

Frictional unemployment is a type of short-term, voluntary unemployment that occurs when people are between jobs or entering the workforce for the first time.

Full-Time Workers

A full-time worker is someone who works a standard number of hours per week, usually 35–40 hours.

Geographical Immobility

Geographical immobility refers to barriers preventing people moving from one area to another to find work.

Hidden Unemployment

people who are not actively looking for work but who are willing and able to work, and

therefore are not counted as part of the official unemployment rate.

Immigration

Immigration refers to the movement of individuals away from their country of origin to a new country.

Inactive

Those neither employed nor unemployed. This means these people do not participate in the job market. They are people of working age who are not seeking employment, as well as those seeking employment but unable to start work.

Inactivity Rate

the proportion of people aged from 16 to 64 who were economically inactive

Labour (Work) Force

those in work or actively seeking work.

Labour Force Survey

A survey of employment in the UK, using the International Labour Organisation's definition of unemployment.

Long-Term Unemployment

the condition where individuals remain unemployed for an extended period, typically defined as 27 weeks (about six months) or more.

Migration

the movement of people, especially workers, between countries.

Net Migration

the difference between the number of people entering and leaving a country.

Occupational Immobility

Refers to barriers to moving easily between jobs.

Part-Time Workers

A form of employment with less than 35 hours worked per week.

Participation Rate

The percentage of the working population who are in the labour force. 18-65 year olds either working or actively seeking work.

Population of Working Age

the total number of people aged between the statutory school leaving age and the state retirement age.

Real Wage Inflexibility

Is a situation in which wages are set above the equilibrium level, resulting in an excess supply of labour or unemployment.

Seasonal Unemployment

occurs when workers are employed only during certain seasons or periods of the year, based on the demand for specific industries.

Self-Employed

those who run their own business and are not paid through PAYE.

Structural Unemployment

a type of unemployment that occurs when the labour market is unable to provide jobs to all individuals who are seeking employment due to a mismatch between the skills or qualifications of job seekers and the available job opportunities.

Underemployment

a situation where an individual is working, but their job does not fully utilise their skills or abilities.

Unemployed

Those who are without work, able to start work within the next two weeks and have actively sought work for the last four weeks.

Unemployment Rate

The percentage of the workforce (that is, able and willing to work) that is not currently employed.

Zero-Hour Contract

a contract between an employer and employee where the employer has no obligation to give an employee work and an employee has no obligation to do work when asked. Pay depends on how many hours an employee works.