BIOL 213 Final Exam Review- Liberty University

a cell that breaks down and recycles proteins would have large numbers of ________________.

proteasomes

which type of cell has abundant mitochondria?

cardiac muscle cells (require large amounts of ATP)

what is the removal of a tissue sample from patients via surgery or needle to diagnose disease?

biopsy

the embryonic germ layer that is the source of connective tissue and muscle is ______________.

mesoderm

which of the following sequences is correct?

transcription --> translation --> protein synthesis

in hepatocellular carcinoma, usually more than 50% of the cells show prominent, multiple ____________. this is because they need many ribosomes for protein synthesis

nucleoli

which statement is accurate?

a sequence of nucleotides in DNA constitutes a gene; DNA and associated proteins form chromatin

which of the following shows the correct sequence of mitosis?

prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase

to maintain a resting membrane potentials, the sodium-potassium pump

actively transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell

which of the following could be used to study general features of cells?

light microscope

which of the following is NOT a functions of carbohydrates int he body?

maintenance of plasma membrane fluidity

which of the following is most consistent with homeostasis?

elevated blood glucose level cause insulin secretion, which in turn, causes cells to take up glucose

with the subject in anatomical position, one can best see the dorsum of the hand from a (n) _____________ view

posterior

proximal means

closer than another structure to the point of attachment to the trunk

which of the following is most inferior in location?

pelvic cavity

when a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. this is an example of ________________.

positive feedback

if carbon dioxide levels rise int he body, negative feedback mechanisms will trigger

an increase in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels decline to the set point

which is NOT a function of the integument?

these are all functions

what type of epithelium is found in the epidermis

keratinized stratified squamous

from deep to superficial, the order of the strata of the epidermis is

basale - spinosum - granulosum - lucidum - corneum

the skins immune responsiveness will be diminished by a decrease in the number of epidermal ___________ cells

langerhans (dendritic)

keratinocytes are

found throughout all epidermal strata

the stratum ___________ is found only in thick skin, such as the skin covering the palms and soles

lucidum

the function of melanin in the skin is to

protect against UV light

which of the following is a component of the dermis?

these are all components

the reticular layer of the dermis consists primarily of

dense irregular connective tissue

why might someone become pale when they are exposed to a cold temperature?

vasoconstriction has occurred

lines of cleavage are a result of

the orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis

the structure responsible for pulling on the follicle and causing hair to stand on end is the

arrector pili muscle

the hypodermis is rich in adipose, and thus its functions include

organ protection, energy storage, and thermal insulation

nails are hard derivatives formed from the stratum ____________ of the epidermis

corneum

production of this vitamin requires skin exposure to the sun. this vitamin is crucial for regulation of calcium and phosphate

vitamin D

which of the following statements regarding hair is FALSE?

the growth rate of all types of hair is the same

which of the following statements concerning sebaceous glands is false?

sebaceous glands are an example of apocrine glands

what type of stimulus is detected by the sensory receptors of the skin?

all of these are correct

the amount of body area involved with a burn is determined by the

rule of nines

a slight sunburn is an example of a ___________ burn

first degree

which of the following skin changes is usually associated with aging?

there is a decrease in collagen fibers

which of the following is NOT a function of a bone?

sodium reabsorption

ligaments attach

bone to bone

which type of bone cell incorporates calcium and phosphate ions into bone tissue

osteoblast

bone is __________ and contains mainly ___________ nerves

highly vascularized; sensory

which of these is NOT part pf the skeletal system?

hypodermis

the connective tissue sheath of most cartilage is called the

perichondrium

the type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is

hyaline cartilage

cartilage

contains chondrocytes located in lacunae

which type of cell produces new bone tissue by secreting matrix?

osteoblasts

bone cells called ___________ break down by secreting acid and enzymes that dissolve the matrix

osteoclasts

during appositional growth of cartilage, the cells that produce the matrix are the

chondroblasts

collagen and hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of

bone matrix

rickets is

a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones

it is possible to determine if a child's long bone is growing by examining a radiograph of the

epiphyseal plate

what are the matrix rings of compact bone that surround the central canal of each osteon?

concentric lamellae

in compact bone, ____________ connect adjacent lacunae, thereby providing pathways for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes

canaliculi

spongy bone tissue

contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae

what would be the effect on bone growth of insufficient dietary calcium?

the matrix would be softer

bob fractures the shaft of his humerus. therefore, the break is in the _________ of the bone

diaphysis

bone growth at the articular cartilage is primarily responsible for increasing the size of

short bones

when bone forms by intramembranous ossification, the ossification centers are within

mesenchyme

endochondral ossification begins with a (n) ___________ model

hyaline cartilage

which bones forms by intramembranous ossification?

parietal

which of the following statements about bone remodeling and repair is correct?

exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can lead to bone remodeling

the proper sequence of events in bone repair is

hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone

when blood calcium levels are low

osteoclast activity increases

in the kidneys, parathyroid hormone acts to ______________ production of calcitriol and ____________ reabsorption of calcium

increase; increase

samantha has elevated blood calcium levels. which substance would you expect to find high levels in response to this condition?

calcitonin

the term 'diarthrosis' refers to a joint that is

freely mobile

the sagittal suture is a

fibrous joint

the pubic symphysis is classified as a

cartilaginous joint and an amphiarthrosis

of the four main tissue types, which tissue is the main component of the synovial membrane?

connective tissue

which joint is multiaxial?

ball and socket

a pivot joint

restricts movement to rotation

an example of a saddle joint is the ___________ joint

carpometacarpal

the type of movement between carpal bones is described as

gliding

rotation of the forearm so as to direct the palm anteriorly (as in anatomical position) is called

supination

a movement through 260 degrees that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction is called

circumduction

which of the following influence the range of motion of a joint?

all of these influence range of motion

the muscles that hold the humeral head within the glenoid cavity are collectively called the

rotator cuff

when the articulating surfaces of the bones are moved out of proper alignment, it is called

dislocation

which movements allowed at the temporomandibular joint

depression and elevation

the glenoid labrum is part of the __________ joint, while the acetabular labrum is part of the __________ joint

shoulder; hip

which joints are responsible for flexion and extension at the elbow?

humeroulnar and humeroradial

the anterior cruciate ligament prevents __________ displacement of the tibia

anterior

the three arches of the foot

distribute the weight of the body during standing and walking

jennifer has experienced pain in her left shoulder that is likely due to ligament damage. which of the following symptoms will most likely accompany the pain?

reduction of range of motion

jane is a 54-year old woman who is active and rarely complains of joint issues. which of the following lifestyle choices did she most likely make to protect against joint pain as she aged

all of the choices are correct

which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the joints?

increased production of synovial fluid

which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscle?

constriction of organs

which of the following actions is caused by contraction of skeletal muscle?

moving your feet while walking

smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both

are involuntary

skeletal muscle fibers

are striated

which type of muscle tissue is autorhythmic?

both cardiac and smooth muscle are correct

in general, a skeletal muscle contains the following:

all of the above

a fascicle

is surrounded by perimysium

the membranous network that wraps around myofibrils and holds relatively high concentrations of calcium is known as the

sarcoplasmic reticulum

a skeletal muscle cell contains hundreds to thousands of __________, which are complex organelles; they are cylindrical in shape and contain the protein filaments that cause contraction

myofibrils

the active sites to which cross-bridges attache are found on the

actin myofilaments

which of the following is NOT a property of the myosin head?

they bind to troponin

the region of the sarcomere that contains both actin and myosin myofilaments is called the

A band

a sarcomere is defined as the distance from one __________ to the next adjacent _____________. (the same answer fills both spaces)

Z disk