TEAS Science

Anatomical position

Anatomical position

Standard positioning of the body as standing; feet together; arms to the side; with head, eyes, and palms of hands forward.

Cells

The basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are crated.

Cellular functions

Processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein synthesis, and movement.

Directional terminology

Words used to explain relationships of locations of anatomical elements (distal, posterior, medial, etc.)

Distal

Farther from the trunk of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

dorsum of hand

top of hand

dorsum of foot

Top of foot

posterior

Back of the body

medial

Toward the midline of the body

anterior

Located towards the front of the body

inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

Organ system

A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.

Organelle

A specialized part of a cell that has a specific function.

Organ

A self-contained part of an organism that performs a specific function.

Reference planes

Planes dividing the body to describe locations: sagittal, coronal, and transverse.

Tissue

A group of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit, but at a lower level than organs.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

Asthma

A lung disease characterized by inflamed, narrowed airways and difficulty breathing.

Bronchi

The main passageways directly attached to the lungs.

Bronchioles

Small passages in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli.

cystic fibrosis

A genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs, characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum, and lung infections.

perfusion

The passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue.

pleura

A membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity.

Surfactant

a lipoprotein secreted by the alveoli that lowers the surface tension in the alveoli, reduces the amount of pressure needed to inflate the alveoli, and decreases the tendency of the alveoli to collapse.

tidal volume

Amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing

trachea

The windpipe; tube leading from the larynx to the lungs; a passage through which air moves in the respiratory system

ventilation

The movement of air in and out of the body via inhalation and exhalation.

pulmonary loop

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

systemic loop

Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and back to the heart

arteries

Blood vessels that deliver blood from the heart to other parts of the body.

capillary

Small blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules.

diastole

The portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart refills with blood.

heart

The muscle that pumps blood throughout the body.

Hemoglobin

The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.

leukocyte

White blood cells, which protect the body against disease.

lymph

Clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease.

lymphocyte

A subtype of white blood cell found in lymph.

plasma

The pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, which blood cells, and platelets throughout the body.

systole

The portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart expels blood.

vein

Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart.

sinoatrial node

pacemaker of the heart

Antibodies

An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response.

Anus

The opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled.

bolus

A mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed.

chyme

The semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine.

enzymatic digestion

The break down of food by enzymes for absorption.

gall bladder

The organ that stores bile.

large intestine

Also known as the colon, where vitamins and water are absorbed before feces is stored prior to elimination.

liver

The organ that produces bile, regulates glycogen storage, and performs other bodily functions.

mouth

The oral cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal.

pancreas

The gland of the digestive and endocrine systems that produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juices.

peristalsis

A series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

rectum

The last section of the large intestine, ending with the anus.

saliva

The clear liquid found in the mouth, also known as spit.

small intestine

The part of the GI tract between the stomach and large intestine that includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, where digestion and absorption of food occurs.

stomach

The organ between the esophagus and small intestine in which the major portion of digestion occurs.

salivary amylase

Enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch

salivary lipase

What is the enzyme present in saliva that breaks down fats?

gastric lipase

Enzymes produced in the stomach that cleaves fatty acids from glycerol molecules.

pepsin

An enzyme in the stomach that breaks down protein

HCl

Which acid is in the stomach?

Gastrin

Digestive hormone that stimulates sustained secretion of gastric juice from the stomach

ghrelin

A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

Bile

A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles. it's stored in the gallbladder.

Pancreatic juice

contains trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase and bicarbonate, it is secreted by the pancreas.

Proteases

Pancreatic enzymes that complete protein digestion.

amylase

An enzyme that digests starch into disaccharides. Amylase is secreted by salivary glands and by the pancreas.

secretin

Digestive hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize acid in duodenum.

somatostatin

What hormone inhibits glucagon release and pancreatic exocrine secretions?

insulin

A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues

glucagon

A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.

Brush border enzymes

Assist in digestion of carbohydrates and proteins in the small intestine; activate enzymes; break down small peptides into a.a.s in the small intestine. (proteases, lactase, disaccharidases).

Cholecystokinin

Following the ingestion of a fatty meal, what hormone is secreted by the duodenal mucosa to stimulate contraction of the gallbladder

motilin

A gastric hormone that activates duodenal/ jejunal receptors to initiate peristalis

dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

cell body

Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm

axon

A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

myelin sheath

A layer of electrical insulation that surrounds the axon.

axon terminal

terminal branch of an axon where neurotransmitters are stored

actin

A contractile protein that is part of the thin filaments in muscle fibers

myosin

A protein present in muscle fibers that aids in contraction and makes up the majority of muscle fiber

sarcomere units

each fibril is organized into these units, contraction takes place here. composed of regular overlapping thick myosin and thin actin

autonomic nervous system

The part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates unconscious body functions such as breathing and heart rate.

contraction

Shortening or elongating a muscle to perform muscle actions.

involuntary

Without intentional control.

muscle

Soft tissue that produces force and motion to move the body.

nerve

A bundle of axons that transmits electrical impulses to peripheral organs.

reflex

An involuntary movement in reaction to a stimulus.

relaxation

Release of tension is also known as?

synapse

A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.

voluntary

performed on purpose

seminal vesicles

Paired sac-like male exocrine glands that secrete fluid (a major component of semen) into the vas deferens

prostate

The gland in males that controls the release of urine and secretes a part of semen that enhances motility and fertility of sperm.

bulbourethral gland

A pair of exocrine glands near the male urethra. They secrete fluid into the urethra. Also called Cowper glands

vas deferens

The duct in which sperm moves from a testicle to the urethra.

testicles

The organs that produce sperm; also called testes.

scrotum

The pouch of skin that contains the testicles.

cervix

The passage that forms the lower part of the uterus.

estrogen

Female sex hormones.