OralComm Reviewer 3rd Mid Qtr

Pakisabi nalang po if ever may corrections. Review well & Good luck - r

Communication

\- The process of transmitting or sharing ideas, information, thoughts, or feelings verbally or non-verbally

communis

Communication came from the Latin word “---”

to make common/ to share

meaning of the Latin word “communis”

1. Participants
2. Message
3. Channels
4. Feedback
5. Context

5 Elements of Communication

Participants

\- Refer to both the speaker (sender) and the listener (listener)

Message

\- Refers to the speaker’s meanings, ideas, and feelings

Channels

\- Medium where the speaker sends the message which transmits their ideas and feelings to the listener

\- Answers the question “How the message was conveyed?”

1. Visual Channel
2. Auditory Channel

2 Types of Channels

Visual Channel

– enables communicators to send and receive visible information (hand gestures, bodily movements, and facial expressions)

Auditory Channel

– enables listeners to receive information and interpret it through tone, volume, and pitch of speaker’s voice

Feedback

\- Reaction or response of the listener

\- The response can be verbal or nonverbal

\- Determines whether the message is received or not and how it is interpreted

1. Encoding
2. Decoding

2 Processes of Feedback

Encoding

\- Speaker

\- converting ideas into: words (verbal); actions/gestures (nonverbal)

Decoding

\- Receiver

\- Interpretation

Context

\- Refers to the interrelated general conditions of communication

1. Physical Context
2. Social Context
3. Psychological Context
4. Cultural Context
5. Historical Context

5 Classifications of Context

Physical Context

– the setting of the communication (place, time, environmental condition, and other concrete elements)

Social Context

– the nature of relationships existing between communicators

Psychological Context

– involves the communicator’s moods and feelings

Cultural Context

– compromised of traditions, beliefs, values, and norms share by a group of people

Historical Context

– involves the background provided by previous interactions between communicators (age, profession, social status)

Noise

Disruptions which prevent messages from being interpreted are known as ---

1. External noise
2. Internal noise
3. Semantic noise

3 Types of Noise

External noise

– distractions in the physical environment (sights, sounds, etc.)

Internal noise

– distractions within the communicator

\- can be physiological (within the body system) and psychological (within the mental system)

Semantic noise

– the use of language is a barrier

– involves the unintentional misunderstanding caused by ambiguity, ethnic slurs, profanity, and vulgar speech

1. Control or Regulation
2. Social Interaction
3. Motivation
4. Information
5. Emotional Expression

5 Functions of Communication

Control or Regulation

\- To manage the behavior of others

\- Communication is used to maintain control over employees and their work environment

\- Comes in the form of policies

\- Used for imposing/ Implementation

Social Interaction

\- To connect with each other

\- Humans are social beings who mingle in different settings

Motivation

\- To encourage others to improve or become better

Information

\- To share and gain information

Emotional Expression

\- To express how they feel

Intercultural Communication

\- sending and receiving of messages across languages and cultures.

Culture

\- is not only made up of shared languages or countries

\- it also refers to different social groups in the same setting.

Barrett, 2006

Culture is the frame of reference and the behavior patterns of people

Cultural Grid

– is a framework of understanding for processing verbal and non-verbal cues specific to a particular culture

Intercultural Competence

\- enables a communicator to understand and interact with other cultures by applying attitudes and values, and understanding interaction skills.

1. Acceptance
2. Respect
3. Open-mindedness
4. Sensitivity

Intercultural Competence entails ---, ---, ---, and --- to others

Display of Respect

\- respect simply means seeing the value of other cultures without judgement.

Orientation of Knowledge

\- considering the context behind a person’s message.

\- The orientation of communicators’ knowledge is not always the same.

\- You must determine the context which shapes the person’s thinking and behavior.

Empathy

\- it is essential for effective communication so that you can see the perspective of the other person and know why he/she thinks the way he/she does.

Interaction Management

\- refers to knowing how and when to talk appropriately and effectively.

Task Role Behavior

\- harmony, teamwork, and productivity are shared goals in intercultural communication.

Relational Role Behavior

\- aims to take part in establishing and preserving a personal relationship that promotes trust, harmony, and support among participants of intercultural communication.

Tolerance of Ambiguity

\- tolerance refers to openness of differences, while ambiguity means confusion.

Emotional Expression and Interaction Posture

\- a part of culture’s feature is how different people express their emotions.

\- Personal characteristics such as patience, sense of humor, and open-mindedness are helpful in bridging intercultural communication gaps.

1. Ethnocentrism
2. Stereotypes
3. Interpretation of Time (Chronemics)
4. Personal Space Requirements (Proxemics)
5. Body Language (Kinesics)
6. Translation Limitations

6 Barriers to Intercultural Communication

Ethnocentrism

\- is the tendency for people to believe that their own cultural norms are the right way of doing things. They mistakenly assume that the specific patterns of behavior desired in their own cultures are universally values.

Stereotypes

\- are mental pictures that one group forms from the main characteristics of another group.

Interpretation of Time

\- is defined as the study of how cultures perceive time and its use. In some Western Cultures, such as in America and Canada, time is viewed as important so people make it a point to keep appointments.

Chronemics

Other term for Interpretation of Time

Personal Space Requirements

\- is the study of cultural space requirements. Space operates as a language as time does.

Proxemics

Other term for Personal Space Requirements

Body Language

\- it is not universal but is learned from one’s culture.

\- Eye contact, posture, hand gesture, and facial expressions carry different meaning throughout the world.

Kinesics

Other term for Body Language

Translation Limitations

\- words in one language do not always have equivalent meanings in other languages, and the concepts the words describe are often different as well.