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Communication
- The process of transmitting or sharing ideas, information, thoughts, or feelings verbally or non-verbally
communis
Communication came from the Latin word “---”
to make common/ to share
meaning of the Latin word “communis”
Participants
Message
Channels
Feedback
Context
5 Elements of Communication
Participants
- Refer to both the speaker (sender) and the listener (listener)
Message
- Refers to the speaker’s meanings, ideas, and feelings
Channels
- Medium where the speaker sends the message which transmits their ideas and feelings to the listener
- Answers the question “How the message was conveyed?”
Visual Channel
Auditory Channel
2 Types of Channels
Visual Channel
– enables communicators to send and receive visible information (hand gestures, bodily movements, and facial expressions)
Auditory Channel
– enables listeners to receive information and interpret it through tone, volume, and pitch of speaker’s voice
Feedback
- Reaction or response of the listener
- The response can be verbal or nonverbal
- Determines whether the message is received or not and how it is interpreted
Encoding
Decoding
2 Processes of Feedback
Encoding
- Speaker
- converting ideas into: words (verbal); actions/gestures (nonverbal)
Decoding
- Receiver
- Interpretation
Context
- Refers to the interrelated general conditions of communication
Physical Context
Social Context
Psychological Context
Cultural Context
Historical Context
5 Classifications of Context
Physical Context
– the setting of the communication (place, time, environmental condition, and other concrete elements)
Social Context
– the nature of relationships existing between communicators
Psychological Context
– involves the communicator’s moods and feelings
Cultural Context
– compromised of traditions, beliefs, values, and norms share by a group of people
Historical Context
– involves the background provided by previous interactions between communicators (age, profession, social status)
Noise
Disruptions which prevent messages from being interpreted are known as ---
External noise
Internal noise
Semantic noise
3 Types of Noise
External noise
– distractions in the physical environment (sights, sounds, etc.)
Internal noise
– distractions within the communicator
- can be physiological (within the body system) and psychological (within the mental system)
Semantic noise
– the use of language is a barrier
– involves the unintentional misunderstanding caused by ambiguity, ethnic slurs, profanity, and vulgar speech
Control or Regulation
Social Interaction
Motivation
Information
Emotional Expression
5 Functions of Communication
Control or Regulation
- To manage the behavior of others
- Communication is used to maintain control over employees and their work environment
- Comes in the form of policies
- Used for imposing/ Implementation
Social Interaction
- To connect with each other
- Humans are social beings who mingle in different settings
Motivation
- To encourage others to improve or become better
Information
- To share and gain information
Emotional Expression
- To express how they feel
Intercultural Communication
- sending and receiving of messages across languages and cultures.
Culture
- is not only made up of shared languages or countries
- it also refers to different social groups in the same setting.
Barrett, 2006
Culture is the frame of reference and the behavior patterns of people
Cultural Grid
– is a framework of understanding for processing verbal and non-verbal cues specific to a particular culture
Intercultural Competence
- enables a communicator to understand and interact with other cultures by applying attitudes and values, and understanding interaction skills.
Acceptance
Respect
Open-mindedness
Sensitivity
Intercultural Competence entails ---, ---, ---, and --- to others
Display of Respect
- respect simply means seeing the value of other cultures without judgement.
Orientation of Knowledge
- considering the context behind a person’s message.
- The orientation of communicators’ knowledge is not always the same.
- You must determine the context which shapes the person’s thinking and behavior.
Empathy
- it is essential for effective communication so that you can see the perspective of the other person and know why he/she thinks the way he/she does.
Interaction Management
- refers to knowing how and when to talk appropriately and effectively.
Task Role Behavior
- harmony, teamwork, and productivity are shared goals in intercultural communication.
Relational Role Behavior
- aims to take part in establishing and preserving a personal relationship that promotes trust, harmony, and support among participants of intercultural communication.
Tolerance of Ambiguity
- tolerance refers to openness of differences, while ambiguity means confusion.
Emotional Expression and Interaction Posture
- a part of culture’s feature is how different people express their emotions.
- Personal characteristics such as patience, sense of humor, and open-mindedness are helpful in bridging intercultural communication gaps.
Ethnocentrism
Stereotypes
Interpretation of Time (Chronemics)
Personal Space Requirements (Proxemics)
Body Language (Kinesics)
Translation Limitations
6 Barriers to Intercultural Communication
Ethnocentrism
- is the tendency for people to believe that their own cultural norms are the right way of doing things. They mistakenly assume that the specific patterns of behavior desired in their own cultures are universally values.
Stereotypes
- are mental pictures that one group forms from the main characteristics of another group.
Interpretation of Time
- is defined as the study of how cultures perceive time and its use. In some Western Cultures, such as in America and Canada, time is viewed as important so people make it a point to keep appointments.
Chronemics
Other term for Interpretation of Time
Personal Space Requirements
- is the study of cultural space requirements. Space operates as a language as time does.
Proxemics
Other term for Personal Space Requirements
Body Language
- it is not universal but is learned from one’s culture.
- Eye contact, posture, hand gesture, and facial expressions carry different meaning throughout the world.
Kinesics
Other term for Body Language
Translation Limitations
- words in one language do not always have equivalent meanings in other languages, and the concepts the words describe are often different as well.