Fundamentals of Health and Wellness

the World Health Organization definition of health encompasses what?

absence of chronic disease

the World Health Organization's definition of health?

takes into account mental and social well-being as well as physical well-being

the tendency for body systems to interact and to maintain a constant physiological state is?

homeostasis

what are the three common models used to describe health?

the medical model, the wellness model, and the environmental model

the holistic view of health?

views health as the totality of a person's existence

according to the holistic view, symptoms of illness and disease may be viewed as?

an imbalance in a person's total state of being

headaches are most often caused by?

emotional stress

the surest way to prevent headaches is to?

identify and eliminate sources of stress

the practice of holistic medicine is based on the idea that?

practitioners should look not only at a person's symptoms, but also at sources of stress that have caused disharmony

the holistic approach to health emphasizes all of the following except?

treatment of symptoms and diseases

in the holistic view, the health of a population is assessed in terms of?

the overall physical, psychological, social, and environmental well-being of everyone

today, most of the serious illnesses among Americans are caused by?

personal lifestyles

the most effective agent of health and wellness is?

each individual person

healthy people 2010 has three goals?

increase life expectancy, improve quality of life, and eliminate health disparities

the transtheoretical model includes what steps?

contemplation, maintenance, and termination

the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are?

sympathetic and parasympathetic

psychosomatic illness?

comes from the Latin terms for mind and body

illnesses caused by negative mental states that harmfully change physiology are called?

psychosomatic illnesses

psychosomatic illnesses are caused by?

negative mental states such as stress or emotional upset

the healing that results from a person's belief in substances or treatments that have no medicinal value in themselves is called?

placebo effect

the placebo effect?

has shown strong effectiveness for those suffering from depression

which condition can a placebo effect account for as much as 75% of any relief experienced?

depression

an internally repeated sound that is focused on during meditation is called?

mantra

a stressor is?

a circumstance or event that produces disruptions in mind-body harmony

Stress in the form of positive life changes is?

known as eustress

the stress that results from challenging situations is called?

eustress

a situation that produces stress is called?

stressor

the Recent Life Changes Questionnaire?

assigns stress ratings to common life changes

the flight-or-fight response?

occurs without conscious control

as part of GAS, in the stage of alarm?

the body's normal resistance to stress is lowered

in the stage of exhaustion?

illness occurs

the most effective lifestyle change for dealing with stress is to?

replace stressful ways of living with beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that promote mind-body harmony

human beings have two main kinds of needs?

maintenance need and growth needs

physiological needs include which of the following?

pain avoidance

What are defense mechanisms?

repression, denial, and rationalization

common defense mechanisms to prevent emotional upset are?

repression and denial

agoraphobia is fear of?

open spaces

Mysophobia is fear of?

dirt and germs

depression is characterized by?

psychological, behavioral, and physical symptoms

individuals who experienced periods of depression followed by periods of euphoria suffer from?

bipolar disorder

the basic biological function of sleep and dream is?

not yet known

What are parasomnias?

nightmares, sleepwalking, and sleep apnea

dreaming occurs during?

REM sleep

mental disorders can be caused by?

a chemical imbalance, an injury, or genetic disorders

because nutritious food tends to be readily accessible to most Americans, food choices are often influenced by?

food fads, cultural, familial, and ethnic practices, and social factors

poor nutrition increases the risk of?

high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and obesity

proteins are made up of smaller units called?

amino acids

a health risk associated with consumption of large amounts of meat is?

cancer of the colon

what is a complex carbohydrate?

starch

linoleic acid?

is an essential fatty acid and can be found in vegetable oils

the one essential fat required in the diet is?

linoleic acid

about how many Americans are overweight?

two-thirds

standards of desirable body weight vary by?

culture

the energy equivalent of a pound of body fat is how many calories?

3,500

appetite suppressant drugs are?

not regulated so there is no guarantee that they will work

anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that is?

fatal in 15% to 20% of cases

a measure of the amount of energy expended per day over and above that required for basal or resting metabolism is?

FITT

FITT stands for what?

Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type

which is not a component of physical activity?

ability

pushing against an immovable object to develop muscle strength is called?

isometric training

athletes take anabolic steroids to?

increase muscle mass and stamina

biological sex is determined by?

sex chromosomes

what are some male secondary sexual characteristic?

facial hair, slim hips, and pubic hair

fertilization of the ovum takes place in the?

fallopian tubes

what is another secondary sex characteristic found in a male?

body hair

a good treatment for a mild case of urethritis or cystitis is to?

drink plenty of fluids, especially fruit juices

menopause signifies?

a change in physiology resulting from diminished production of ovarian hormones

what partners expect in a relationship is highly influenced by?

traditional sex-role stereotypes, how relationships are portrayed in the media, and their parents

metamessage refers to?

implicit messages about the reason for the communication and how the message should be interpreted

human chorionic gonadotropin is?

a hormone unique to pregnancy

the hormones that prepare a woman's body for pregnancy are?

estrogen and progesterone

what confirms that a woman is pregnant?

the presence of the hormone HCG in her urine

fertilization usually takes place in the?

Fallopian tubes

cigarette smoking by expectant mothers is associated with?

low birth weight, cleft lip and palate, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

during the second stage of childbirth?

the baby is born

the advantages of breastfeeding include?

transfer of immunity, low expense, and no preparation of bottles and formula

what is not a benefit of breast milk?

it stimulates the mother's own immune defenses and protects her from infections

the risk of fatal blood clots and heart attack is greater for women who?

are over age 35, take the pill, and smoke

using oral contraceptives increases a woman's risk of?

fatal blood clots and heart attacks

which is not a barrier method of contraception?

IUD

a vasectomy involves?

cutting the two vas deferens

the most common symptom of trichomoniasis is?

cheesy, odorous discharge from the vagina

the cause of gonorrhea is?

bacteria

gonorrhea?

is easily treated with antibiotics

herpes infection?

is extremely contagious when a sore is present

the human papillomavirus (HPV) causes?

anogenital warts

when individuals first become infected with HIV, the first symptoms likely will be?

flulike symptoms

globally, infectious diseases?

remains the most common cause of death

etiology refers to the?

cause of disease

immune system cells are transported to all parts of the body through?

the lymphatic system

specialized cells that attack foreign substances upon recognizing the foreign surface antigens are called?

T-lymphocytes

T-cells work by?

attaching directly to invading cells and making them inactive

allergies?

can be caused by a person's emotional and mental states

severe allergic reactions can produce?

anaphylactic shock

autoimmune diseases are the result of?

antibodies attacking the body's own cells

the process of detachment from an original site of cancer to other locations in the body is?

metastasis

most cancers are?

carcinomas

metastasis is?

when cancer cells travel from one part of the body to another

cancer that originates in connective tissue us called?

sarcoma

about 80% to 90% of all cancers are caused by?

environment