A movement that campaigned for self-government for Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Unionism
It expanded in the northern Protestant regions of Ireland, particularly in the province of Ulster.
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Dreyfus Affair
In 1894, the _____ began when a Jewish officer was falsely accused of giving military secrets to the Germans.
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Magyarization
The mandatory dominance of the Magyar language and culture, infuriated the other nationalities.
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Dual Alliance
In 1879, Bismarck created the ____, a military treaty with the Austro-Hungarians.
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Reinsurance Treaty
Bismarck signed the _____ with Russia in 1887 to make it clear that the treaty with Austria-Hungary was purely defensive.
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Kaiser Wilhelm II
After he ousted Bismarck, the Russians began to fear the Germans.
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Entente Cordiale
German fears of being encircled increased when Great Britain and France signed an ______ in 1904 to settle *colonial disputes*.
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Entente
This is why during the First World War, Britain, France, and Russia were referred to as the “______” powers.
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Battle of Jutland
The ________ in 1916 was the only significant naval engagement of the First World War.
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Sarajevo
Bosnia's capital, was the site of the initial crisis on June 28, 1914.
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Bosnian Serb
A ____ who desired Bosnia's inclusion in a larger Serbian state killed Ferdinand.
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Gavrilo Princip
The Archduke’s assassin, had operated with the full cooperation of the Black Hand.
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Black Hand
A secret Serbian nationalist group with strong ties to Serbian officials in both the government and the army.
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blank check
Germany, the "_____," supported Austria-Hungary, which started the war because it was the only power that could have stopped them.
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Second International parties
The _______, which had long opposed capitalist European wars and praised international brotherhood, voted in each nation to support the war effort.
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Jean Jaurès
The idealistic French Socialist Party leader that opposed the war.
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Schlieffen Plan
Established that, in case of the outbreak of war, Germany would attack France first and then Russia.
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First Battle of the Marne
The ________, led by General Joffre, stopped the Germans after they crossed the river.
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Winston Churchill
the First Lord of the Admiralty, devised a plan, which nearly ended his political career.
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Black Sea
Churchill believed that defeating the Turks would allow the British to *supply the beleaguered Russians* via the _____.
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French fortress of Verdun
In 1916, the Germans launched a massive offensive against the _____________, which France had to defend at all costs or risk public opinion disaster.
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Big Bertha
German artillery included "________" guns that fired ton-plus shells.
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General Philippe Pétain
**__________** led a spirited defense of the fortress against the Germans.
After the German victory in 1940, he became the disgraced leader of **Vichy France**.
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Zimmermann Telegram
Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare and the _______ caused the United States to enter the war on April 6, 1917, negating this German advantage.
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Zimmermann Telegram
A secret German note to Mexico requesting support if the US entered the war.
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Woodrow Wilson
The new German government, led by Prince Max von Baden asked American President _____ for an armistice based on Wilson's Fourteen Points.
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Wilson's Fourteen Points
An idealistic document that sought to reduce future tensions between nations by maintaining free trade and ending secret negotiations.
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Bolshevik Revolution
Fearing that Germany would follow Russia's ________, the *Kaiser* was convinced to abdicate, creating a republic that was empowered to sign the armistice that ended the war on November 11, 1918.
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total
World War I was the first ____ war.
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World War 1
The first total war.
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Woodrow Wilson
he wanted to reshape the world based on his Fourteen Points, which included national self-determination and the League of Nations to resolve international disputes.
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Georges Clemenceau
**He** represented a completely different outlook from Wilson’s.
France endured the most suffering of any nation during the war, and he had to placate a populace that wanted to ensure that Germany would never again pose a threat.
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Duma
The Russian parliament that arose out of the 1905 revolution
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Vladimir Lenin
In 1903, _______ proposed that a small group of professional revolutionaries could seize power for the working class, dividing Russian socialism.
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Mensheviks
The group that believed Russia had to follow historical precedent to become a socialist nation.
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Provisional Government
They dominated the Petrograd Soviet to initially support the ___________ because they believed a bourgeois revolution must precede a socialist revolution.
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Leon Trotsky
On November 9, new Bolshevik leader he took over key city positions.
The **Provisional Government** collapsed, ending the revolution peacefully.
Over the next three years, the Bolsheviks fought a bloody civil war to maintain power.
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The ________ between Germany and the new Bolshevik state ended Russia's involvement in the war by 1917.
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Friedrich Ebert
In November 1918, _________ became the German Weimar republic's first president.
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Free Crops
A voluntary paramilitary group often with extreme right-wing leanings.
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Kapp Putsch
The _____, a 1920 attempt by some Free Corps to overthrow the democratic state, was thwarted by a general strike.
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Gustav Stresemann
He’s the leader of the conservative German People's Party, was Chancellor of Germany in 1923.
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White Forces
For three years they had to fight a life-or-death struggle against the **______**.
Anti-Communist monarchists and republicans are among them.
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Third International
In 1919, the Russian Communists founded the _____ to aid in the cause of revolution.
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Comintern
This influenced western European Socialist parties as some Marxists looked to the new Soviet state for guidance.
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Social Democratic Party
The German Communists saw the _____ as a bigger threat than the Nazis, so this left-wing split helped the Nazis rise.
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New Economic Policy
Lenin replaced war communism with the __________ after the rebellion was brutally crushed.
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NEP
This policy gave the government the "heights of industry" but allowed private enterprise to flourish.
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Leon Trotsky
Leader of Left Opposition
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Nikolai Bukharin
Leader of Right Opposition
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Joseph Stalin
A Georgian who joined the party in 1902, played a minor role in the November 1917 coup.
He wanted power within the Soviet system.
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Old Bolsheviks
Stalin eliminated the "__________" who had joined the party before 1917, along with anyone else who’re disloyal.
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Left Opposition
Stalin adopted the ____________'s plan to rapidly industrialize Russia after gaining power.
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Five-Year Plan
In 1928 Stalin implemented the first ______, a comprehensive, centrally controlled plan for industrial expansion.
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Soviet Union
This became a major industrial power by the end of the 1930s, while the West was in a deep economic depression.
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CreditAnstalt
In May 1931, Vienna's most powerful bank, _______, collapsed.
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gold standard
Maintaining a _____, a fixed exchange rate between currencies and gold, worsened these issues for many countries.
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Inflation
It allows people to save more while still having money to spend, but it also discourages them from saving too much because they realize their money will be worth less in the future.
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John Maynard Keynes
He believed that deficit spending could fix the problem of private sector demand by temporarily providing jobs and income to boost spending and revive the economy.
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Priming the pump
It meant temporarily increasing government spending on public works to unfreeze the economy and get money moving again.
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New Deal
In the US, a stable democracy, those in the depression elected Franklin Roosevelt and supported his _____.
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weak democracy
In Germany, a ______, republican institutions died and fascism triumphed.
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Fascism
It comes from *fasces*, a Roman symbol of authority and community.
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Il Duce
Italian Fascist Leader
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Hermann Führer
German Fascist Leader
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Corporatism
An industry-specific employer-worker association to resolve production and wage disputes.
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Anti-Semitism
______ was a key component of Fascist movements throughout Europe, except Italy, because Jews were seen as outside the arch-nationalistic identity so dear to all Fascists.
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Benito Mussolini
The founder and leader of the Italian Fascists were ________.
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Entente powers
In 1915, Italy joined the _______ to gain control over Austria-Hungary's Italian-speaking regions.
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National Fascist Party
The party quickly formed paramilitary squads to fight leftist groups, earning the gratitude of factory owners and landowners who gave the party much-needed cash.
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Italy
In 1915, _____ joined the Entente powers to gain control over Austria-Hungary's Italian-speaking regions.
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Lateran Pact
In 1929, Mussolini signed the ________ with the papacy, making peace with established institutions like the Catholic Church.
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Hermann Müller
In March 1930, ______ resigned over an unemployment insurance crisis that was becoming too much for the German government due to the depression.
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Article 48
Brüning used ______, a Weimar Constitution emergency decree, to govern by presidential decree because he could not win a parliamentary majority.
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Franz von Papen
By the spring of 1932, Hindenburg replaced Brüning with wealthy anti-parliamentary conservative ________.
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National Socialist German Workers' Party
Hitler joined the _______________, one of the early Weimar Republic's extremist groups, in 1919.
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Beer Hall Putsch
By 1923, he believed the party was strong enough to seize power, so he launched the ____________ in Munich which led to failure.
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*Mein Kampf* (My Struggle)
Hitler wrote *___________* in prison, expressing his extremist views and his desire to overturn the Treaty of Versailles, which many Germans shared.
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Reichstag
This building in Berlin was set on fire on February 27, 1933, but the perpetrator is unknown.
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Enabling Act
Hitler's ______ gave the party emergency powers to govern the state and merged the chancellor and president's powers into one with a non-republican title, the führer.
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Sturmabteilung
The Nazi political army that had played such an important role in the party’s rise to power
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Night of the Long Knives
In June 1934, Hitler organized the “_________,” in which he murdered his old ally Ernst Röhm, the leader of the S.A., who had wanted to make it the backbone of a new revolutionary army
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Joseph Goebbels
The Nazis worked hard to establish a Ministry of Propaganda under _______ to gain support for such a program.
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brutal police force
The Nazis created a _________ to silence political opposition and intimidate anyone who might disagree with the party line.
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Labour Party
Supplanted the liberals to become Britain’s second-largest political party.
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Liberal Party
Which preferred Victorian life to total war, had serious issues after the First World War.
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David Lloyd-George
His promise to make Britain a "land fit for heroes" after the war inspired British soldiers and civilians to fight hard.
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Popular Front
In February 1934, several center-left parties formed a "_________" to prevent a Fascist victory in France like in Germany.
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Chamber of Deputies
In May 1936, the "Popular Front" of Communists, Socialists, and Radicals won a majority in the ____________.
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Matignon Agreement
It allowing workers to collectively bargain with employers,
reducing the work week to 40 hours, and
granting fully paid vacations.
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**General Francisco Franco**
In the summer of 1936, **___________**'s army officers seized control of much of Spain.
Republic loyalists bravely organized to fight nationalist insurgents, disproving their prediction that the republic would collapse.
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Guernica
On market day, in the city of ___________, German and Italian planes bombed and strafed the civilian population.
Here Picasso made a reflection painting.
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Homage to Catalonia
In ____________, George Orwell recounted how the Communists crushed the anarchist movement in June 1937.
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German Reich
Hitler wants Austria to join the _____ in Mein Kampf's first sentence.
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Neville Chamberlain
In 1937, **he** became British Prime Minister and head of a conservative government.
He recognized that events in 1936 had been detrimental to British interests.
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Sudetenland
Germany threatened to invade Czechoslovakia unless the _______, a western region populated by ethnic Germans, was given to the Reich.
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four-power summit
In September, Chamberlain flew to Munich to attend a ________with France, Italy, and Germany to discuss Czechoslovakia's future.
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non-aggression pact
On August 22, 1939, Stalin announced that Germany and the Soviet Union had signed a ________.
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Blitzkrieg warfare
Fast attacks with tanks and other mobile units supported by warplanes — was learned from the First World War by the Germans.
Studied by 16 people
