Water, Electrolyte, Sodium, and Acid/Base Balance/Regulation

water intake due to (2)

• ingestion

• metabolic water (cell resp)

water output (5)

• vaporization

• perspiration

• elimination

• urination

• vomiting

water balance is _ so if we increase output we trigger __

homeostatic, thirst mechanism

water regulation: increase in plasma or decrease in blood __ is detected by and produces thirst mechanism

osmolarity, volume, brain

water regulation: decrease in fluid osmolarity results in brain decreasing production to decrease water _

extracellular, ADH, absorption

water regulation: large decrease in __ causes an increase in production to increase by putting more water into blood

blood pressure, ADH, blood volume

electrolyte intake (2)

• ingestion

• metabolic production (catabolic reactions)

electrolyte output (4) NOT (1)

• perspiration

• elimination

• urination

• vomiting

NOT vaporization

most important extracellular electrolyte

sodium

sodium is essential to maintain _ in body by directing movement

water balance

sodium is linked to blood ____ because it effects blood ___

pressure, volume

90% of sodium is reabsorbed and 60% is constant and absorbed through the ___ while the rest depends on ____

naturally, proximal convoluted tubule, hormones

our body doesn't monitor directly, water follows it and we monitor blood ___

sodium, pressure

most important mechanism of sodium regulation

aldosterone

aldosterone is produced when cells detect _ blood pressure in arteriole and or when _ cells detect solute concentration of fluid in ___ and it activates _ production

JG, low, afferent, macula densa, low, distal convoluted tubule, renin

aldosterone mechanism: renin activates to and acts on _ which release and increases reabsorption decreasing __

angiotensin, angiotensin II, adrenal cortex, aldosterone, sodium, urine output

cardiovascular baroreceptors monitor around

blood pressure, heart

cardiovascular baroreceptors mechanism 1: __ of blood to heart increases, receptors send signal to __

pressure, brain

cardiovascular baroreceptors mechanism 2: brain sends signal to decrease _ stimulation of the which causes afferent arteriole to _ which increases _

sympathetic, kidneys, dilate, filtration

cardiovascular baroreceptors mechanism 3: increased filtration increases output as it is moved out of blood into and causes water to stay in the _ and be ____ as __

sodium, tubules, tubules, eliminated, urine

cardiovascular baroreceptors mechanism 4: urine elimination causes blood pressure to go and _ are no longer stimulated so the ___ shuts off

down, baroreceptors, cycle

atrial natriuretic peptide is produced by _ in response to ___

heart, high blood pressure

ANP mechanism 1: high blood pressure causes ____ on ___

stretching, heart walls

ANP mechanism 2: stretch on heart walls stimulates _ production which causes __ in __

ANP, vasodilation, kidneys

ANP mechanism 3: ANP causes decrease in _ and ____ which decreases ___

ADH, renin, aldosterone

ANP mechanism 4: increased kidney vasodilation and decreased ANP, renin, and aldosterone increase and through _ ultimately _ blood pressure

filtration, water loss, urination, decreasing

estrogen increases _ reabsorption and __ retention

sodium, water

progesterone decreases reabsorption and _ retention

sodium, water

glucocorticoids regulate levels by and increase reabsorption (and __ retention) and is linked to __ and ultimately causes increased _

blood glucose, dilation, sodium, water, stress, blood pressure

pH is closely in body to maintain ideal pH for _ function

regulated, enzyme

pH of intracellular fluid compartment is closer to than the blood which is slightly _ due to __ inside cell

7, basic, CO2

H+ sources include (2)

• diet

• metabolic reactions

most things we ingest are generally __

acidic

___ is when the blood is too acidic and pH _

acidosis, drops

__ is when the blood is too basic and pH

alkalosis, spikes

respiratory pH abnormalities involves shift in ____ that causes change in ___ concentration

breathing, CO2

metabolic pH abnormalities are shifts of that aren't ___

acids, CO2

respiratory acidosis results from breathing rate that results in in blood and __ blood pH

decreased, CO2, decreases

respiratory alkalosis results from which eliminates more than normal and gets rid of too much in bloodstream, pH

hyperventilation, CO2, acid, increasing