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Chemistry
The study of interactions between atoms and molecules
Atom
smallest unit of matter
Molecules
Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
Biosphere
Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.
Atoms are composed of
protons, neutrons, electrons
Protons
Positively charged particles
Electrons
Negatively charged particles
Neutrons
Uncharged particles
Nucleus
Made up of protons and neutrons
Electron shells
An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.
Atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Atomic mass
total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
Compound
Contains two or more kinds of atoms
Types of chemical bonds
ionic, covalent, hydrogen
Ionic bonds
Attractions between ions of the opposite charge
Ions
positively and negatively charged atoms
Cations
Lose electrons and have a positive charge
Anions
Gain electrons and have a negative charge
Covalent bonds
sharing of electrons; stronger and more common in organisms than ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds
Form when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N (electronegative) atom is attracted to another N or O atom in another molecule
Chemical reactions
involve the making or breaking of bonds between atoms
endergonic reaction
absorbs energy
Exergonic reactions
Release energy
Types of chemical reactions
synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion
synthesis reaction
Occur when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules
decomposition reaction
A molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms
Catabolism
Decomposition reaction in a cell
exchange reaction
Parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products