Chapter 2 - Chemical Principles

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29 Terms

1

Chemistry

The study of interactions between atoms and molecules

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2

Atom

smallest unit of matter

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3

Molecules

Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

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4

Biosphere

Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.

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5

Atoms are composed of

protons, neutrons, electrons

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6

Protons

Positively charged particles

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7

Electrons

Negatively charged particles

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8

Neutrons

Uncharged particles

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9

Nucleus

Made up of protons and neutrons

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10

Electron shells

An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.

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11

Atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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12

Atomic mass

total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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13

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

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14

Compound

Contains two or more kinds of atoms

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15

Types of chemical bonds

ionic, covalent, hydrogen

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16

Ionic bonds

Attractions between ions of the opposite charge

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17

Ions

positively and negatively charged atoms

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18

Cations

Lose electrons and have a positive charge

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19

Anions

Gain electrons and have a negative charge

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20

Covalent bonds

sharing of electrons; stronger and more common in organisms than ionic bonds

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21

hydrogen bonds

Form when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N (electronegative) atom is attracted to another N or O atom in another molecule

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22

Chemical reactions

involve the making or breaking of bonds between atoms

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23

endergonic reaction

absorbs energy

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24

Exergonic reactions

Release energy

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25

Types of chemical reactions

synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion

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26

synthesis reaction

Occur when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules

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27

decomposition reaction

A molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms

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28

Catabolism

Decomposition reaction in a cell

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29

exchange reaction

Parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products

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