NRSG 316 Wellness & Health Promotion Final Exam Flashcards

Flashcards for NRSG 316 Wellness & Health Promotion Final Exam Review

Primary Prevention

Actions taken to prevent disease or injury before it occurs.

Secondary Prevention

Activities aimed at early detection and intervention to prevent progression of disease.

Tertiary Prevention

Actions taken to manage disease and prevent further complications.

Examples of Primary Prevention

Immunizations, walkable communities, seatbelts, legislation banning unhealthy practices.

Examples of Secondary Prevention

Regular exams, and screening tests.

Examples of Tertiary Prevention

Case management, diabetes management class, support group, therapy.

Screening Test

Identifies asymptomatic people who may have a disease.

Diagnostic Test

Determines the presence or absence of disease when the patient shows signs/symptoms.

Characteristics of a Good Screening

Simple, Safe, Available, Acceptable, Inexpensive, Rapid (SSAAIR).

Examples of Good Screenings

Pap smears for cervical cancer, fasting blood sugar for diabetes, mammogram for breast cancer, blood pressure screening for heart disease.

Benefits of Early Detection

Leads to early treatment, can break the chain of transmission, and is often cost-effective.

Screenings Before Diagnosis

History questions, physical exam findings, and lab tests.

BMI for Underweight

Less than 18.5.

BMI for Normal Weight

18.5-24.9.

BMI for Overweight

25.0-29.9.

BMI for Obese

More than 30.0

Low Risk Waist Measurement for Women

Less than or equal to 31.5 inches.

Low Risk Waist Measurement for Men

Less than or equal to 37 inches.

Increased Risk Waist Measurement for Women

31.5-34.5 inches.

Increased Risk Waist Measurement for Men

37-40 inches.

Greatly Increased Risk Waist Measurement for Women

More than 34.5 inches.

Greatly Increased Risk Waist Measurement for Men

More than 40 inches.

Normal Blood Pressure

Less than 120/80.

Elevated Blood Pressure

120-129/<80.

Hypertension Stage 1

130-139/80-89.

Hypertension Stage 2

Greater than 140/90.

Hypertensive Crisis

Greater than 180/120.

Normal Fasting Blood Sugar

Less than 100.

Normal HgbA1C

Less than 5.7%.

Prediabetes Fasting Blood Sugar

100-125.

Prediabetes HgbA1C

5.7-6.4%.

Diabetes Fasting Blood Sugar

Greater than 126.

Diabetes HgbA1C

Greater than 6.5%.

Normal Total Cholesterol

Less than 200.

Normal HDL

Higher than 60.

Normal LDL

Lower than 100.

Normal Triglycerides

Less than 150.

Components of Metabolic Syndrome

Increased waist circumference, low HDL, high triglycerides, high blood pressure, elevated fasting glucose.

Increased Waist Circumference for Metabolic Syndrome

Male: >40 inches, Women: >35 inches.

Low HDL for Metabolic Syndrome

Men: <40mg/dL, Women: <50mg/dL.

High Triglycerides for Metabolic Syndrome

150mg/dL.

High Blood Pressure for Metabolic Syndrome

130/>85 mmHg.

Elevated Fasting Glucose for Metabolic Syndrome

100mg/dL.

Reliability

Consistency of test at different times or under differing conditions.

Intra-Subject Reliability

Consistency of measurement scores taken on the same subject across testing occasions.

Intra-Rater Reliability

Consistency of measurement taken by the same tester on 2 or more testing occasions.

Inter-Rater Reliability

Consistency of measurements taken by different testers.

Instrument Reliability

Internal consistency of the measurement tool itself.

Validity

How well tests distinguish between those who have the disease and who do not.

Patient Affordable Care Act (ACA)

Focus on protection, improved access to clinical preventive services, promotes wellness in the workplace.

Three Main Goals of the ACA

Expands health insurance, shifts focuses towards prevention, reduces costs and improve the efficiency of health care.

US Preventative Services Task Force (USPTF)

Assess the benefits and harms of preventative services in people asymptomatic for the target condition.

Modifiable Risks

High LDL, Smoking, Hypertension, Obesity, Inactivity, Stress.

Non-Modifiable Risks

Genetics, Race, Age.

Lifestyle Medicine Pillars

Wholefood, Plant-Based Eating Patterns, Restorative Sleep, Regular Physical Activity, Avoidance of Risky Substances, Stress Management, Positive Social Connections.

Transtheoretical Model of Change (Stages of Change)

Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance.

Precontemplation Stage

Not ready for change, 'I won't, or I can't people'.

Contemplation Stage

Thinking about change, 'I may stage'.

Preparation Stage

Preparing for action 'I will stage'.

Action Stage

Taking action, 'I am' stage, high risk of lapse and relapse back to preparation.

Maintenance Stage

Maintaining a good behavior “I still am” stage.

OARS

Open-ended questions, Affirmation, Reflective listening, and Summarizing .

CHANGE TALK

Desire, Ability, Reason, Need, Commitment, Activation, Taking steps.

Spirit of Motivational Interviewing (PACE)

Partnership, Acceptance, Compassion, Evocation.

Resist the “Righting Reflex”

Tendency to try to actively fix our clients' problems, desire to help others. Can have the opposite intended effect, and may become resistant.

Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms

Irritability, anxiety, restlessness/impatience, insomnia, weight gain, cravings, increased appetite, difficulty concentrating .

Pack-Year History Calculation

Number of packs a day x the number of years a person has smoked.

Fagerstrom Test/Heaviness Smoking Index

A standard tool for assessing severity of dependence in adults.

Nicotine Withdrawal Scale

Measures nicotine withdrawal symptoms severity.

Reasons for Smoking Assessment

Identify reasons why you smoke.

Cognitive-Behavioral Strategies for Smoking Cessation

Review commitment to quit, destructive thinking, positive self-talk, relaxation through imagery, mindfulness practice, and mental rehearsal & visualization.

6 D’s Behavioral Strategies

Delay, deep breathing, drink water, distract, discuss, & depend on a higher power.

Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT)

Reduces physical withdrawal from nicotine.

Precautions for Nicotine Replacement Therapy

Patients w/ underlying cardiovascular disease.

Nicotine Gum & Lozenge Dosage

Dose based on the 'time to first cigarette'.

Contraindications for Nicotine Lozenge/Gum

Coffee, wine, juices, and soft drinks.

Nicotine Transdermal Patch

Long lasting delivery to systemic circulation.

Bupropion SR (Zyban) Mechanism of Action

atypical antidepressant thought to affect levels of various brain neurotransmitters.

Precautions for Bupropion SR (Zyban)

Patients w/ an elevated risk for seizures including severe head injury, concomitant use of meds that lower seizure threshold, and severe hepatic impairment.

Varenicline (Chantix) Mechanism of Action

Competitively inhibits binding of nicotine.

Components of Poor Nutrition

Diets low in fruits and vegetables and high in sodium and saturated fats.

Daily Guidelines (DGA) for Sodium

Limit to 2,300mg/day.

Effects of Saturated Fats

Raises blood cholesterol levels, increasing the risk of heart disease, also link to insulin resistance.

Top Sources of Saturated Fats

Lard, high-fat meats, high-fat dairy products, pastries & baked goods, butter, cream sauces, gravy, chocolate, palm oil & palm kernel oil, coconut oil, and poultry skin.

Low Saturated Fat

Less than 5%.

Value of Healthy Fat

Eating nuts one to four times a week lowers the risk of nonfatal heart attack by 74% & lowers the risk of fatal coronary heart disease by 73%.

Red vs Processed Meat

For every 3oz serving of unprocessed red meat they consumed daily, the risk of dying from CVD increased by 13%. For processed red meat: for every 1.5oz serving daily the risk of dying from CVD increased by 20%.

AHA Recommendations for Added Sugar

9 tsp (36 grams)/day for men, 6 tsp (25 grams)/day for women and children over 2.

Risks of Low Fruits & Veggies

Cancer, CVD, CKD, COPD, HTN, inflammatory & mental health Dz, DM2, Obesity, severe cases of respiratory infection.

Highest Protection Against Kidney Disease

6 or more servings of fruits and veggies/day.

Risks of Low Fiber Diet

Cancer, CVD, elevated Chol, Inflammatory Dz, Micronutrient Def., DM2, Obesity, Osteoporosis, All-cause mortality.

Fiber Recommendations

Women need at least 25g/day, Men need at least 38g/day, Adequate intake is 14g/1,000Kcal, WCRF suggests at least 30g/day.

Flaxseed

High in fiber & phytochemicals- 1 tbsp ground= anti-inflammatory, suppresses appetite & caloric intake, can blun BS spike from meal, decrease cholesterol.

Role of Phytochemicals

Decrease risk of cancer.

Whole Food Plant Based Diet (WFPBD)

Adopting a Whole Food Plant Based Diet- Lowers risk for CVD, eliminates cholesterol, drastically reduces saturated fat, maximizes dietary fiber & antioxidants.

Lactovegetarian

Abstain from eating meat or eggs, but eats dairy products.

Pescetarian

Does not eat meat, but eats fish.

Vegan

Does not eat any food derived from animal products.

Semi-Vegetarian

Also called a flexitarian, centered with plant foods on the occasional use of meat.

Protein Sources

Nuts, lentils, beans, soy.