NRSG 316 Wellness & Health Promotion Final Exam Flashcards

Primary: Preventing disease/injury before it occurs.
- Examples: Immunization, walkable communities, seatbelts, legislation for safe practices.
Secondary: Early detection and intervention.
- Examples: Regular exams and screening tests.
Tertiary: Managing disease to slow or stop progression, reduce complications, and improve quality of life.
- Examples: Case management, diabetes management classes, support groups, therapy.

Screening Test:
- Identifies asymptomatic people possibly having a disease.
Diagnostic Test:
- Determines presence/absence of disease when patient shows signs/symptoms.

Simple, Safe, Available, Acceptable, Inexpensive, Rapid.
Examples: Pap smears, fasting blood sugar (FBS), mammograms, blood pressure screening.
Early detection leads to early treatment, breaking transmission chains and is often cost-effective.
Screenings start BEFORE diagnosis via:
- History questions.
- Physical exam findings.
- Lab tests.
- Pre-test probability.

**BMI/Weight Status Categories
- < 18.5: Underweight
- 18.5-24.9: Normal
- 25.0-29.9: Overweight
Waist Circumference & Risk:
- Women:
  - \le 31.5\text{in}: Low risk
  - 31.5-34.5\text{in}: Increased risk
  - > 34.5\text{in}: Greatly Increased risk
- Men:
  - \le 37\text{in}: Low risk
  - 37-40\text{in}: Increased risk
  - > 40\text{in}: Greatly Increased risk
- Waist measurements correlating to obesity: women > 34.5in, men > 40in.
Blood Pressure (mmHg):
- Normal: < 120/80
- Elevated: 120-129/< 80
- Hypertension Stage 1: 130-139/80-89
- Hypertension Stage 2: > 140/90
- Hypertensive Crisis: > 180/120
Glucose:
- Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) (mg/dL) / HgbA1C (%):
  - Normal: < 100 / < 5.7
  - Prediabetes: 100-125 / 5.7-6.4
  - Diabetes: > 126 / > 6.5
  - Diabetes Target: Individuals w/diabetes, target HgbA1C <7
Lipid Profile (mg/dL):
- Total Cholesterol: < 200
- HDL: > 60
- LDL: < 100
- Triglycerides: < 150
Metabolic Syndrome: Having 3+ of the following:
- Increased Waist Circumference:
  - Men: >40\text{in}
  - Women: >35\text{in}
- Low HDL:
  - Men: <40\text{mg/dL}
  - Women: <50\text{mg/dL}
- High Triglycerides: >150\text{mg/dL}
- High Blood Pressure: >130/ >85\text{mmHg}
- Elevated Fasting Glucose: >100\text{mg/dL} (prediabetes)
- Increases risk for heart disease and diabetes.

Reliability: Consistency of a test.
- Types:
  - Intra-Subject: consistency within the same subject across occasions.
  - Intra-Rater: consistency by the same tester.
  - Inter-Rater: consistency between different testers (most important for screening tools).
  - Instrument: internal consistency of the measurement tool.
Validity: How well the test distinguishes between those with and without the disease.

Focus on protection and improved access to clinical preventative services.
Promotes wellness in the workplace.
Strengthens the role of communities in promoting prevention.
Invests in primary care workforce for prevention via the Prevention and Public Health Fund.
Evaluated prevention as a national priority through National Prevention Strategies.
Three Main Goals:
- Expand health insurance.
- Shift focus towards prevention.
- Reduce costs and improve healthcare efficiency.

Assesses benefits/harms of preventative services in asymptomatic individuals based on age, gender, and risk factors.
Recommends which preventative services should be routine in primary care.
Reviews existing peer-reviewed evidence to make recommendations.
Considered the gold standard for evidence-based preventative service recommendations.
Grade A & Grade B services fully covered by ACA.
- Routine immunizations.
- Preventative care & screening for infants, children, & adolescents.
- Preventative services for women identified in guidelines.

Modifiable: High LDL, smoking, hypertension (HTN), obesity, inactivity, stress.
Non-Modifiable: Genetics, race, age.

Focus on individual motivation and readiness to change a problem behavior.
- Precontemplation: Not ready for change (