Studied by 18 people
Effects of Columbian Exhange
The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds. Resulted in the spread of new crops, such as maize and potatoes, leading to population growth. Also led to the introduction of diseases, like smallpox, causing devastating impacts on indigenous populations.
Encomienda System
A Spanish colonial labor system in the Americas. Indigenous people were forced to work on plantations or in mines for Spanish landowners.
Casta System
Social hierarchy system in colonial Latin America based on racial classification. It categorized people into distinct groups based on their ancestry, including Europeans, indigenous peoples, and Africans. The system determined social status, privileges, and restrictions for individuals, with little possibility of upward mobility.
Mestizos
People of mixed European and Indigenous American ancestry.
Zambos
Ethnic group in the Philippines with mixed Filipino and African ancestry. Resulted from intermarriage between local Filipinos and African slaves during Spanish colonization.
Metis
A group of indigenous people in North America known for their distinct culture, art, and traditions. They are descendants of First Nations and European settlers, particularly French and Scottish. The term is often used to refer to both a cultural and ethnic identity.
The Puritans
Religious group in 17th century England and America. Believed in strict moral code, predestination, and the authority of the Bible. Sought to purify the Church of England and establish a society based on their religious beliefs. Played a significant role in the colonization of New England.
John Winthrop’s City on a Hill
refers to the idea of creating a perfect society based on Puritan values. It symbolizes a community that serves as a moral example for others to follow.
The Quakers
Religious group founded in New England during the 17th century. Known for their belief in the "Inner Light," which emphasizes a direct connection to God without the need for clergy or religious rituals. Advocated for social justice, equality, and pacifism. Played a significant role in the abolition of slavery.
Chesapeake Colonial Region Characteristics
Region in colonial America with fertile soil, large plantations, and a reliance on tobacco as a cash crop. Had a predominantly agrarian economy, with indentured servants and later enslaved Africans as laborers. Featured a social hierarchy with wealthy plantation owners at the top.
New England Colonial Region Characteristics
Harsh climate, rocky soil, subsistence farming, fishing, shipbuilding, trade, Puritan religion, emphasis on education, town meetings, strict social structure.
Middle Colonies Characteristics
Diverse religious groups, such as Quakers and Catholics, settled here. Known for their fertile soil, which supported agriculture and trade. Promoted religious tolerance and freedom. Major cities included Philadelphia and New York City.
The Carolinas/Georgia/British Islands Colonial Region Characteristics
Cash crop economy (rice, indigo, tobacco)
Relied on slave labor
Plantations and large land holdings
Influenced by English culture and laws
Tensions with Native Americans and Spanish colonies
Mercantilism
Economic system in which a country's wealth is based on exports and acquiring colonies for resources and markets. It aimed to increase a nation's power and wealth through strict government control over trade and accumulation of precious metals.
Navigation Acts
Laws passed by England in the 17th century to regulate colonial trade
Required American colonies to only trade with England or other English colonies
Aimed to control and benefit the British economy
Led to smuggling and resentment among American colonists
Contributed to the growing tensions that led to the American Revolution
Bacon’s Rebellion
Uprising in colonial Virginia (1676) led by Nathaniel Bacon against the colonial government's perceived lack of protection against Native American attacks. It highlighted tensions between the wealthy elite and the discontented settlers, revealing the growing divide in social and economic power.
The Atlantic World
refers to the interconnectedness of Europe, Africa, and the Americas during the Age of Exploration and colonization. It facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and people across the Atlantic Ocean. This led to the transatlantic slave trade, the spread of diseases, and the transfer of crops, such as maize and potatoes, transforming societies on both sides of the Atlantic.
Anglicization
The process of adopting English culture, language, and institutions in the American colonies, mainly promoted by the British government.
Enlightenment
Intellectual and philosophical movement in 18th century America that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights. It influenced the American Revolution, leading to the adoption of democratic principles and the belief in natural rights. Key figures include John Locke, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin.
Great Awakening
Religious revival in 18th century America. Stressed personal salvation, emotional preaching, and individual connection with God. Led to formation of new Protestant denominations and inspired social and political changes.
Deism
Enlightenment-era belief in a distant, non-intervening God
Rejects religious dogma and supernatural elements
Emphasizes reason, science, and natural laws
Influenced American Founding Fathers
Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin were notable Deists
Jonathan Edwards “Sinners In the Hands of an Angry God”
famous sermon emphasized the concept of divine wrath, warning sinners of their impending doom and the need for repentance.
Ben Franklins “Proverbs”
Collection of wise sayings and aphorisms written by Benjamin Franklin. Contains practical advice on various topics like work ethic, frugality, and self-improvement. Popularized the phrases "Early to bed and early to rise" and "A penny saved is a penny earned."
Slave trade
The buying, selling, and transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries. It was a brutal system that forcibly separated families and subjected millions to inhumane conditions, labor exploitation, and abuse.
Olaudah Equiano
A prominent abolitionist and writer who was born in Africa and sold into slavery. Equiano eventually purchased his freedom and became an influential voice in the fight against slavery. His autobiography, "The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano," shed light on the horrors of the slave trade and played a significant role in the abolitionist movement.
Maroons
Enslaved Africans who escaped and formed independent communities in the Americas. They often lived in remote and inaccessible areas, using guerrilla warfare tactics to resist capture.They developed their own social structures, economies, and cultures, becoming a symbol of resistance against slavery.
Indentured Servants
Individuals who voluntarily exchanged a set number of years of labor in exchange for passage to the American colonies. They were typically poor Europeans seeking a fresh start. Once their term ended, they gained their freedom and sometimes received land or other resources.
Headright System
A colonial land grant system in which settlers received 50 acres of land for each person they brought to the New World.
Gottlieb Mittelberger
German immigrant who wrote "Journey to Pennsylvania" in 1750. Described the harsh conditions and mistreatment of indentured servants during their voyage and upon arrival in America.
French and Indian War (7 years War)
Conflict between the British and French in North America from 1754 to 1763. Fought over territorial claims and control of the fur trade. Native American tribes aligned with both sides. British victory led to increased tensions with the American colonies and eventual revolution.
Albany Plan of Union
Proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754, it aimed to unite the American colonies under a central government. It suggested a Grand Council composed of delegates from each colony, with the power to make laws, raise troops, and collect taxes. Although it was not implemented, it laid the foundation for future discussions on colonial unity.
Imperial Reorganization- 1763
British attempt to exert greater control over the American colonies after the French and Indian War. Included policies like the Proclamation Line of 1763, Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and Quartering Act. Led to increased tensions and resistance among colonists, eventually leading to the American Revolution.
“No Taxation without Representation”
Demand during the American Revolution. Colonists protested against British taxes, arguing they had no say in the government that imposed them.
Proclamation Line of 1763
Established by King George III
Imaginary boundary along the Appalachian Mountains
Prohibited British colonists from settling west of the line
Aimed to prevent conflicts with Native American tribes
Contributed to growing tensions between colonists and the British Crown
Stamp Act
British law passed in 1765, imposed direct tax on American colonies for printed materials like newspapers, legal documents, and playing cards. Sparked widespread protests and resistance, seen as violation of colonists' rights. Led to formation of Stamp Act Congress and increased tensions between colonies and Britain. Repealed in 1766.
Intolerable Acts
Laws passed by British Parliament in 1774 to punish the American colonies for the Boston Tea Party. Included the Boston Port Act, which closed the port of Boston, and the Massachusetts Government Act, which restricted self-government. Led to increased tensions and ultimately fueled the American Revolution.
Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”
A pamphlet published in 1776 advocating for American independence from Britain. It argued for self-governance, criticizing the monarchy and promoting republican ideals. It had a significant impact on public opinion, inspiring colonists to support the revolution.
The Boycott Movement
a series of agreed upon commercial restrictions the colonists put in place with regard to trade with the mother country. The decision for the agreement came about as a way to protest and combat the 1767 Townshend Revenue Act.
John and Abigail Adams Letters
Showed their deep love, support, and intellectual connection
Discussed political events and ideas during the American Revolution
Offered insight into the challenges faced by early American leaders
Highlighted Abigail's strong advocacy for women's rights.
Declaration of Independence
Document written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, declaring the American colonies' independence from British rule. It asserted natural rights, such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and listed grievances against King George III. The Declaration of Independence marked the beginning of the American Revolution.
Importance of French alliance with the colonies
Vital support during American Revolution
French provided troops, supplies, and naval assistance
Helped turn tide in favor of colonists
Boosted morale and resources
Demonstrated international support for independence
Republican Motherhood
Ideology in early America that emphasized women's role in educating and raising virtuous citizens to support the new republic.
Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom
Passed in 1786
Written by Thomas Jefferson
Guaranteed religious freedom in Virginia
Influenced the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution
Separated church and state in Virginia
Effects of Treaty of Paris (1783)
Recognized American independence
Established boundaries of the United States
Granted fishing rights to Americans in Atlantic waters
Required British troops to evacuate American territory
Restored property rights to loyalists
Settled war debts between Britain and America
Global Impacts of American Revolution
Spread of democratic ideals
Inspiration for other independence movements
Weakening of European colonial powers
Increased trade opportunities
Influence on French Revolution
Strengths and weaknesses of the articles of confederation
Strengths:
Established the first national government.
Allowed for the negotiation of treaties and alliances.
Regulated western land claims.
Weaknesses:
No power to tax, leading to financial instability.
No executive branch to enforce laws.
Required unanimous consent to amend the Articles.
Shays Rebellion
Farmers' uprising in Massachusetts (1786-1787) due to high taxes and debt. Led by Daniel Shays, rebels protested against foreclosure of their properties. The rebellion highlighted weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and influenced the creation of a stronger federal government under the Constitution.
Northwest Ordinance
A law passed in 1787 that established a process for admitting new states to the Union and prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory.
Constitutional Convention of 1787
Meeting of delegates to revise the Articles of Confederation
Held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Resulted in the drafting of the U.S. Constitution
Important figures: George Washington, James Madison, Benjamin Franklin
Established a strong central government and framework for the United States
Madison’s Virginia Plan
Proposed by James Madison at the Constitutional Convention in 1787
Called for a bicameral legislature with representation based on state population
Favored larger states, as they would have more representatives and influence
Sought to create a strong central government with the power to tax and regulate commerce
Laid the foundation for the structure of the United States Congress today
Great Compromise
A 1787 agreement at the Constitutional Convention that established a bicameral legislature in the United States. It resolved the conflict between large and small states by creating the House of Representatives (based on population) and the Senate (equal representation for all states).
3/5 Compromise
A compromise reached during the Constitutional Convention in 1787. It stated that enslaved individuals would be counted as three-fifths of a person for both taxation and representation purposes. This compromise appeased Southern states and had a significant impact on the balance of power between the North and South in Congress.
Federalists
Political party in early US history that supported a strong central government, favored a loose interpretation of the Constitution, and promoted the idea of a national bank. Notable Federalists include Alexander Hamilton and John Adams.
Anti Federalists
Opponents of the U.S. Constitution who argued for stronger state governments and feared the centralization of power. They demanded the inclusion of a Bill of Rights to protect individual liberties. Key figures include Patrick Henry and George Mason.
Bill of Rights
Amendments added to the US Constitution in 1791
Protects individual rights and limits government power
Guarantees freedoms like speech, religion, and the right to bear arms
Washington’s Administration
Refers to the period from 1789 to 1797 when George Washington served as the first President of the United States. Known for establishing many precedents, including the formation of the Cabinet, the creation of a strong central government, and the enforcement of the Constitution.
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Proposed by Alexander Hamilton, it aimed to strengthen the US economy. It included a national bank, assumption of state debts, and tariffs to protect American industries. The plan faced opposition from those who believed it favored the wealthy. It helped establish the US as a financially stable nation.
National Bank
A central financial institution established in 1791 by Alexander Hamilton to stabilize the US economy, manage debts, and promote economic growth. It faced opposition from Thomas Jefferson and James Madison who believed it gave too much power to the federal government. The bank's charter expired in 1811 and was not renewed until 1816.
Implied Powers
Authority of the US government to take actions not explicitly stated in the Constitution
Supported by the Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause)
Allows for flexibility and adaptation to changing circumstances
Example: creation of the national bank by Congress
Balances the need for a strong central government with limited powers
Whiskey Rebellion
1794 protest against a federal tax on whiskey in western Pennsylvania; suppressed by President Washington's troops, demonstrating the power of the federal government to enforce its laws.
Proclamation of Neutrality
U.S. policy announced by President George Washington in 1793, declaring the nation's neutrality in the ongoing conflict between France and Great Britain. It aimed to protect American interests and avoid entanglement in European wars.
Jay’s Treaty
Signed in 1794
Negotiated by John Jay
Aimed to resolve issues between US and Britain
Addressed trade disputes and British presence in Northwest
Controversial in US, seen as favoring Britain
Helped avoid war and improve relations with Britain
Washington’s Farewell Address
A speech given by George Washington in 1796, as he prepared to retire from the presidency. In his address, Washington warned against political factions, foreign entanglements, and the dangers of excessive debt. He emphasized the importance of unity, patriotism, and the preservation of the Constitution. Washington's Farewell Address is considered a significant piece of American political history and is often cited as a guide for future presidents.
Pontiac’s Rebellion
An armed conflict in 1763-1766 between Native American tribes and the British in the Great Lakes region. It was sparked by Native American resistance to British expansion after the French and Indian War. The rebellion resulted in the Proclamation of 1763, which limited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Adam’s Presidency
John Adams served as the 2nd President of the United States from 1797 to 1801.
He was a Federalist and played a key role in the early development of the country.
Adams faced challenges such as the XYZ Affair and the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts.
His presidency is also known for the signing of the Treaty of Tripoli and the construction of the White House.
Adams' presidency set important precedents for future presidents and the growth of the nation.
Alien and Sedition Acts
Series of laws passed by the U.S. government in 1798 to limit the influence of immigrants and suppress political opposition. Alien Act allowed the deportation of non-citizens deemed dangerous, while the Sedition Act made it illegal to criticize the government. These acts were controversial and infringed upon citizens' rights to free speech and assembly.
VA and KY Resolutions
Political statements asserting the rights of states to nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional. Passed in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, these resolutions were authored by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1798 and 1799 respectively.
XYZ Affair
Diplomatic crisis between the United States and France in 1797. French agents demanded bribes from American diplomats to negotiate a peace treaty. Led to anti-French sentiment and an undeclared naval war known as the Quasi-War.
Quasi War US History
Undeclared conflict between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800. It was fought at sea and marked by French attacks on American merchant ships. The Treaty of Mortefontaine ended the conflict and restored peaceful relations between the two nations.
Midnight Judges
Federal judges appointed by President John Adams on the night before Thomas Jefferson became president. Adams made these appointments to ensure Federalist power in the judiciary branch, but they were viewed as a political move. The controversy surrounding these appointments resulted in the significant Supreme Court case, Marbury v. Madison.
Jefferson’s Revolution of 1800
Peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans in the presidential election of 1800, marking a shift in political ideology and ending the era of Federalist dominance.
Louisiana Purchase
Significance: Thomas Jefferson's 1803 acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France, doubling the size of the United States.
Key Points:
Purchased for $15 million
Expanded US westward to the Rocky Mountains
Gave control of the Mississippi River and New Orleans port
Encouraged westward expansion and manifest destiny
Slave Trade Ban of 1808
Legislation that prohibited the importation of enslaved Africans into the United States after January 1, 1808. Aimed to end the international slave trade, although domestic slavery continued.
Embargo Act
(1807) A law passed by the US Congress that prohibited American ships from trading with foreign nations in an attempt to protect American interests during the Napoleonic Wars. It aimed to avoid war but instead hurt the US economy, leading to widespread smuggling and discontent among merchants.
Non- Intercourse Act
An 1809 law that replaced the Embargo Act and reopened trade with all nations except Britain and France. It aimed to protect American interests during the Napoleonic Wars by prohibiting trade with the two countries until they ceased violating American neutrality.
War of 1812 causes and effects
Causes:
British impressment of American sailors
British support of Native American attacks on American settlers
American desire to expand territory into Canada
Effects:
Increased American nationalism and patriotism
Strengthened American manufacturing and industry
Weakened Native American resistance in the Northwest
Improved relations between Britain and the United States
Hartford Convention
A meeting held by New England Federalists in 1814 to discuss their grievances and opposition to the War of 1812. Proposed constitutional amendments to limit the power of the federal government and protect New England's interests. Ultimately, it led to the decline of the Federalist Party.
Adams-Onis Treaty
Signed in 1819
Between the US and Spain
US gained Florida
US gave up claims to Texas
Established western boundary of Louisiana Purchase
Era of Good Feelings
A period of political harmony and national unity in the United States from 1815 to 1825, following the War of 1812. It was characterized by a decline in political party conflicts and an emphasis on economic growth and expansion.
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin/Interchangeable Parts
Eli Whitney's innovation that revolutionized cotton production by efficiently separating seeds from cotton fibers, leading to increased productivity and profitability. It also introduced the concept of interchangeable parts, enabling easier and quicker assembly of machines and promoting mass production.
Market Revolution
A period of rapid economic transformation in the United States during the early 19th century. It involved the shift from subsistence farming to commercial agriculture, the growth of manufacturing and industry, and the expansion of transportation networks. Led to increased urbanization and the rise of a market-based economy.
First Industrial Revolution
A period of rapid industrialization that occurred from the late 18th to early 19th century. It marked the transition from manual labor to machine-based manufacturing, powered by steam engines. Key innovations included the spinning jenny, steam engine, and cotton gin. Led to urbanization and significant social and economic changes.
Factory System
A system of manufacturing that emerged in the late 18th century, where goods were produced in large quantities using machinery and division of labor in centralized factories. This marked a shift from small-scale, artisanal production to mass production, leading to industrialization and urbanization in the United States.
Henry Clay’s American System
Economic plan proposed by Henry Clay in the early 19th century
Aimed to promote economic growth and national unity
Consisted of three main components: a strong banking system, protective tariffs, and internal improvements
Intended to develop industry and infrastructure in the United States
Played a significant role in shaping American economic policy during the era
Erie Canal
Man-made waterway in New York, completed in 1825. Connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River, facilitating trade and transportation.
Lowell, MA
A city in Massachusetts that played a significant role in the early Industrial Revolution. It was known for its textile mills and the employment of young, unmarried women as factory workers. The Lowell system combined work and living spaces, providing a controlled environment for workers.
Missouri Compromise of 1820
Aimed to balance free and slave states. It admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. It established a dividing line at the 36°30' parallel for future territories. While it temporarily eased tensions, it failed to resolve the issue of slavery. The compromise increased sectionalism and set the stage for future conflicts.
Monroe Doctrine
A U.S. foreign policy stating that any European colonization or intervention in the Americas is seen as a threat to U.S. interests and will be opposed.
Marbury v. Madison
U.S. Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in the United States, meaning that American courts have the power to strike down laws and statutes they find to violate the Constitution of the United States.
McCulloch v. Maryland
Landmark Supreme Court case (1819) affirming the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States and establishing the principle of federal supremacy over state laws.
Fletcher v. Peck
A landmark United States Supreme Court decision in which the Supreme Court first ruled a state law unconstitutional. The decision created a growing precedent for the sanctity of legal contracts and hinted that Native Americans did not hold complete title to their own lands.
Worcester v. Georgia
Supreme Court case (1832) where the court ruled that the state of Georgia did not have the authority to regulate Native American tribes within its borders.
Election of 1824 Significance
This election marked a shift in American politics as it was the first to be decided by the House of Representatives. It highlighted the flaws in the electoral system and led to the development of the modern two-party system.
The Corrupt Bargain
A political deal in 1824 between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay. Clay, as Speaker of the House, used his influence to secure Adams' victory in the presidential election. In return, Adams appointed Clay as Secretary of State. This led to accusations of a corrupt agreement and fueled political tensions.
Characteristics of Jacksonian Democracy
Universal white male suffrage
Limited government intervention in the economy
Opposition to the national bank
Support for states' rights
Expansion of westward territories
Populist rhetoric and appeal to the common man
Patronage and spoils system in politics
Indian Removal Act and Trail of Tears
Strong executive power and presidency
Indian Removal/Trail of Tears
A policy implemented by the US government in the 1830s that forcibly relocated Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the Southeast to areas west of the Mississippi River. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 authorized the removal, resulting in the forced migration of thousands of Native Americans, particularly the Cherokee, in what became known as the Trail of Tears.
John C. Calhoun
Prominent American politician and statesman
Advocate for states' rights and nullification
Vice President under Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams
Strong proponent of slavery and defended it as a positive good
Played a key role in the Nullification Crisis and the debate over tariffs
Nullification Crisis
Conflict between the federal government and South Carolina over states' rights and tariffs.
South Carolina claimed the right to nullify federal laws it deemed unconstitutional.
President Andrew Jackson rejected nullification, threatening military force.
Compromise was reached with a reduced tariff, avoiding armed conflict.
Significance: Demonstrated tension between federal and state powers, foreshadowing the Civil War.
Universal White Male Suffrage
The extension of voting rights to all white males, regardless of property ownership or social status, in the early 19th century.
Bank War
A political conflict in the 1830s between President Andrew Jackson and the Second Bank of the United States. Jackson believed that the bank had too much power and favored the wealthy. He vetoed the bank's recharter and withdrew federal funds, leading to economic instability.
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