BIO LAB- PROKARYOTES

what are the two types of major cells

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

prokaryotic

generally unicellular, small, more simple

eukaryotic

can be unicellular or multicellular, generally much larger, more complex

what does the DNA of pro look like?

circular

what does the DNA of eukary look like?

linear

where is the DNA in pro located?

nucleoid region

where is the nucleoid region in prokary cells?

in the cytoplasm

what is the difference between pro and euk?

DNA’s are in different spots- pro is in the nucleoid region and euk is in the nucleus

eukary is multi cellular and can be unicellular, prokary is just unicellular

what does pro have that euk don’t

a nucleoid region

DNA is in the cytoplasm while in euk, DNA is separate from it

in eukar cells, DNA is stored as

linear chromosomes

DNA is _____ from the _____ in eukar

separate

cytoplasm

eukar have _____ organelles

membrane-bound

both pro and eukar have what?

ribosomes

pro have _____ organelles

no membrane-bound

what is the function of ribosomes? of lysosomes?

ribosomes- primary site for protein synthesis

lysosomes- the cell’s recycle center/ garbage disposal

cell wall in pro

keep the shape of the bacteria

capsule in pro

enhances survival

pili in pro

facilitate adhesion to surfaces

flagella in pro

rotary motors

autotrough

also known as ….

give some examples

make their own food- mostly using energy from the sun

producers

plants, algae, some bacteria

heterotrophs

also known as…

give some examples

consume autotrophs for food

consumers

animals, fungi, most bacteria

some autotrophs are considered to be _______

photosynthetic

what are the different ways bacteria can be shaped

sphere, rod, spiral

we really don’t do spiral, so only answer choices are sphere and rod

sphere

cocci

rod

bacilli

spiral

spirilli

shapes of the bacteria are known as

Identification - Morphology

tell me three things that gram- negative has

a lipopolysaccharide layer (THE ONLY ONE!)

an outer membrane

a thin peptidoglycan layer

tell me one thing that gram- positives have

a thick peptidoglycan layer

tell me two things that both gram negative and positive have

both have a peptidoglycan layer

both have a cytoplasmic membrane

what is the primary stain

crystal violet

what is the secondary/counter stain

safranin

what two other reagents that are not stains

gram’s-iodine- mordant

ethanol - decolorizing agent

gram’s iodine reacts with ____ to _____

crystal violet to form the crystal violet-iodine complex- this is what makes the bacteria stay purple

what does ethanol do?

dehydrates the thick peptidoglycan layer that is found on positive bacteria

dissolves the lipopolysaccharide layer of gram-negative bacteria

cyanobacteria is a ____ and contains _____

photosynthetic prokaryote- converts sunlight into chemical energy

chlorophyll a

what makes cyanobacteria different from all the other photosynthetic prokaryote

most PP’s have bacteriochlorophyll

cyanobacteria does not have ____

chloroplasts

where does photosynthesis occur in cyanobacteria

in the thylakoid membrane

how is CB arranged? what does this mean?

in linear filaments

this means that it doesn’t fit into the morphology of most bacteria

CB is also called what? why?

blue-green algae

because its phycobilins give it a blue hue

isolation streak plate is also known as

4 quadrant streak plate

what is the streak plate used for?

to isolate a colony of bacteria

purpose of the streak plate is to ______

decrease the bacterial concentrations enough to proliferate into discrete colonies after the incubation period

how do you prepare a streak plate

sterilize the loop until you see it turn red

get a small amount of bacteria

go to quadrant 1 and put streaks there, carry over your last line (just one) into the the second quadrant

put loop back in heat until it turns red

get more bacteria and streak in quad 2, take your last line and put in quad 3

repeat until you get to quad 4

what else can a spread plate be called

a lawn plate

purpose of a spread plate is to _____

creates uniform surface of bacterial growth 

how to prepare a spread plate

take your loop, put in heat

get bacteria

put directly in middle of petri dish and then go over to the flame

put triangle over the flame and them spread bacteria across petri dish

purple bacteria is

positive

pink bacteria is

negative

euk cells are distinguished by

the presence of membrane-bound organelles

genetic information is housed where in euk cells

in the membrane- bound nucleus

name three membrane-bound organelles that are present in eukaryotic cells

Golgi body, Endoplasmic reticulum, and Mitochondria

both ___ and ____ are composed of euk cells

plants and animals

tell me three things that will let you know if a euk cell is a plant or animal

a vacuole

presence of plastids

rigid cell wall

the large central vacuole found in euk plant cells is for what

storing water, pigments, and waste.

plastids

are responsible for the pigments associated with photosynthesis, a process that is unique to only plants and a few bacteria.

rigid cell wall

to surround and protect the flexible and fluid cell membrane.

what does the nucleus look like in euk animal cells in a microscope

a dark spot

it is important to use specialized _____ techniques in order to ____ for euk animal cells

straining

to visualize the other membrane-bound organelles within the cell.

staining can be ___ or ____

general or specific

cells come in many shapes and sizes depending on ___ and ___

specialization and functions

plant and animal cells are made out molecules that are in

constant motion

movement of molecules is known as ____

what is the formal name for this

random

diffusion

diffusion does not require what?

energy

diffusion is more rapid in what substances? why?

liquids and gases

particles are more spread out to move as they please compared to solids

when the temperature is increased, how will the particles then move?

faster

the cytoplasm within all of our cells is the solution for what three things in ____

proteins, salts, and small particles like ribosomes

water

the cell membrane is only ______. what does this mean

semi-permeable

it regulates which molecules can pass in and out of the cell

what is osmosis and how does it occur?

its a special case of diffusion

occurs when there are two solutions of different concentrations on opposite sides of the semi-permeable membrane

what is able to move freely in and out of the cell membrane and what isn’t?

solvents like water can move freely

some solutes cannot

the ____ nature of the cell membrane prevents ___ and ____ molecules from passing through the membrane? give some examples

lipid

charged or large

salts, sugars, proteins are examples of this

chemical potential

is a measure of the free energy available to do the work of moving one mole of molecules from one location to another and, in some cases, through a barrier such as a cell membrane

the ____ of solute concentration, the ___ chemical potential

higher, higher

molecules move from high to low

water potential

is the potential energy of water in a system compared to pure water at constant temperature and pressure.

describes how freely water molecules can move in a certain system

WP is represented by what?

psi

pure water has a max WP of

zero atm

the more solutes in water, the more negative the WP is: t or f

true

The transport of molecules can be described as a ____ or an ____ process

passive/ active

passive transport

describes the movement of a solute diffusing down a concentration gradient or moving across a semi-permeable membrane

diffusion and osmosis are examples of

passive transport

active transport

requires energy and allows molecules to move against their concentration gradient