IDS3164 - Exam Two

Manufactured Demand

a marketing tactic used by companies to convince consumers that they need to buy their product because the alternative is unsafe, inconvenient, or otherwise undesirable

Downcycled

the process of repurposing recycled materials into goods of lesser quality or value than the original items.

for example, plastic bottles might be down-cycled into carpet fiber, which cannot be recycled again

Planned Obsolescence

the deliberate design of products with a limited lifespan to encourage repeated consumer purchases (iphone)

Perceived Obsolescence

the feeling that a product you own is outdated, even though it still works perfectly fine.

it’s not a hardware failure or a broken component. it’s a psychological shift; you look at your current phone, jacket, or car and feel like it’s no longer goods enough because something newer exists

Target Audience

group of people you are trying to reach. knowing your audience is the golden rule of environmental communication

Terministic Screens

filters created by our choice of words that show a bit of what is real (reflection), pick one specific part to focus on (selection), and lead us to ignore other parts (deflection).

The way all discourse orients us toward certain things or aspects of the world and not others Note that this is not a positive or negative: it is the reality of communication.

Sustainability (FSU Sustainable Campus Def.)

The capacity to negotiate environmental, social, and economic needs and desires for current and future generations

Greenwashing

Disinformation disseminated by an organization or business so as to present an environmentally responsible public image

Economic Blackmail

false choice presented between financial gain and environmental protection, deflects attention away from the fact that jobs can be provided while meeting basic health and environmental standards

Latent Exigence

a situation marked by an urgent need for action but relegated by officials to be addressed in the future

Front Group

Shellfish

provide humans with food, the "Brita" filters of salt water—they help remove excess nutrients, improve water clarity, and decrease the likelihood of harmful algal blooms, create complex, functional habitats for many other species

Apalachicola Bay (the part of the Gulf that is south of FSU)

used to produce 30% of the worlds oysters, major crash in population due to the BP oil spill—everyone was allowed to harvest without limit because managers feared the approaching oil spill, which never made it this far in Florida. The extreme amount of harvesting, however, caused the oyster population to crash

Studies suggest current harvest may be completely unsustainable for scallop populations

Communication challenges

• aquaculture improves restoration success (this is an expense of time and money) -- needs to be communicated

• need for longitudinal studies (long-term studies) to monitor populations (also expense of time and money) -- ongoing need in many sciences, funding is frequently on-and-off rather than consistent over the long term which massively disrupts collection of data

• citizen science: "Great Bay Scallop Search" helps people care and fosters connection to nature

Communication successes for scallop education

• Photos and videos over diagrams and infographics

• Education about real scallops with images creates connection and care

• Connect to local, known places

• Highlight successes

• Respect the opinions of local people who depend on scallops and other shellfish, involve the community

How many things will be turned in for the creative project?

2 - a creative piece and a written piece

Is the creative piece a presentation?

No, it is an actual creative piece that could be posted or used as a flyer (for example, your name, as author, will not be on the creative piece)

What about your target audience for the creative project?

It cannot be “everyone”

Why is the use of blank space and not bringing text right to the edge of a creative piece important?

It is a space for the eyes to rest and creates impact.

What about text and backgrounds?

Light text on a light background and dark text on a dark background are graphic design no-nos

What does an “orphan” mean in text design and why should we avoid them?

It is when one word is left at the end of a group of text. It makes your work look busy

Who is Kenneth Burke?

What is the concept of identification?

In attempting to persuade an audience, Burke explains: “One does not merely want to outwit the opponent, or to study the opponent, one wants to be affected” this is the process of identification.

It means persuasion works when people feel a connection with the speaker, message, or people involved

Why is framing important?

It creates cognitive maps or patterns of interpretation that people use to organize their understanding of reality. How environmental communication is framed often makes a big difference to whether people care about it or not. It is not inherently good or bad.

What is a collective action frame and what are the three components of one?

action-oriented sets of beliefs and meanings that inspire social movements

1) invite identification among the most affected 2) attribute responsibility for a problem 3) motivate people to take action

What are emotional appeals?

They are used frequently in environmental communication. Emotionally powerful images can motivate people, but too much guilt, fear, hope, humor, etc. can be counterproductive. It should be paired with a concrete action.

Who is Bob Bullard and what was his first book about?

Father of the modern environmental justice movement. His first book, Dumping in Dixie, is about how dumps were found in black neighborhoods.

What is the basic history of the Fenholloway River, and where is it in Florida?

It is located in Perry, Florida in Taylor County and the Foley Paper Mill and many other companies were allowed/encouraged to dump waste into the river. It created 1200-1500 jobs but once it closed, they left behind a ruined river and economy. Georgia Pacific spent only 120m cleaning up the river, though their revenue was 17 billion.

Your zip code is a strong predictor of ______?

your health

What is the golden rule of environmental communication?

knowing your audience

Does the term climate change cover all environmental issues?

No

What is the Attitude-Behavior gap and why is it important?

Why (in general) is building awareness not a good goal for environmental communication?

simply giving people more information is unlikely to change beliefs or behavior. awareness-only campaigns can waste time and money and may lead to no action, reach the wrong audience, create harm, or generate backlash. Awareness can help, but only when it is part of a larger strategy aimed at change

What are the discourses (and the people connected to them) that helped create the National Park system and U.S Forest Service?

John Muir’s discourse of preservation and Gifford Pinchot’s discourse of Conservation

What is the Romantic Aesthetic?

William Gilpin, Observations on the River Wye (1782), associated with the picturesque and artistic tours of landscape.

What is the Learned Love of Wilderness?

Thomas Cole and the Hudson River School; “American scenery” was framed around wilderness.

Geronimo

Apache resistance leader, became a figurehead of resistance as his people were forced onto reservations

Roosevelt

Conservation-era president tied to both Muir and Pinchot, major expansion of federal parks.

Muir

Advocated for the preservation of American landscape. His efforts led to the establishment of Yosemite National Park and the national park system. He founded the Sierra Club. Wild spaces should be set aside

Pinchot = conservation, land for many wise uses

“wise and efficient use of natural resources” through conversation. “the greatest good for the greatest number in the long run”; he helped create the U.S. Forest Service and became its first Chief Forester.

Leopold = new for the time ideas of managing for biodiversity and wildlife, including recognition that predators are important

“Birth of the Land Ethic”, 1940s

Stoddard

Tall Timbers/prescribed fire; Leopold credited him as the true founder of the wildlife management profession. he is sometimes called the doctor of fire

Carson

1962; founder of the modern environmental movement and challenged harmful business practices affecting environment and people

Bullard

founder/father of the environmental justice movement; dumping in dixie

Hansen

NASA scientist who testified in 1988 that the greenhouse effect had been detected and was changing climate now

Be familiar with the titles of numerous pieces of legislation that passed in the 1970s, how they protect us today, and how they were passed in a bipartisan fashion

clean water act, endangered speices act occured after the publication of silent spring in the 70s

Clean Air Act 1970 - biparisan

authorized comprehensive federal and state regulations limiting emissions from stationary and mobile sources

Clean Water Act 1972

created permitting regulations and minimum wastewater standards for every community; your notes also say this and other legislation of the era were created with bipartisan support

Endangered Species Act 1973 bipartisan

protects listed species; your notes say 99% of listed species have not gone extinct.

What is the Kate Raworth’s Doughnut Model of Economic and what the inner and outer rings represent?

the “hole” is where people are falling short on life’s essentials, and the goal is to create regenerative, distributive economies that work within the planet’s ecological limits. So in general:

• inner ring / hole = shortfall in life’s essentials

• outer ring = planet’s ecological limits

aiming to meet12 essential human needs (social foundation) without exceeding 9 planetary boundaries (ecological ceiling). It visualizes a "safe and just space" where humanity thrives, balancing social justice with environmental sustainability, shifting the focus from growth to equilibrium

What is the tension between the public good discourse and the free market discourse as it relates to environmental challenges and the discussion in the public sphere of regulation and deregulation?

• Public good discourse: values civic society managing collective life and protecting the environment for all, for the public good.

• Free market discourse: stresses little or no governmental restriction on business, assumes the market is self-regulating, and creates resistance to environmental rules and regulations. The slides also say it neglects externalities and ecosystem services.

What are the seven sins of greenwashing and how to spot them?

1) the hidden trade-off 2) no proof 3) vagueness 4) worshipping false labels 5) irrelevance 6) the lesser of two evils 7) fibbing. this is how to beware of environmentally friendly marketing and to do research to know the signs.

What are fossil fuels?

Human-caused climate change since the 1800s is tied to burning coal, oil, and gas

What is the greenhouse effect?

Burning fossil fuels generates greenhouse gas emissions that act like a blanket wrapped around the Earth, trapping the sun’s heat and raising temperatures.

What is the Keeling Curve?

it is the daily record of global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration maintained by Scripps Institution of Oceanography.

What is the relationship between CO2 and the Earth’s temperature in the last 800,000 years?

the low was around 200 ppm during ice ages and the high was about 280 ppm during warmer periods. lower CO2 aligns with colder periods and higher CO2 aligns with warmer

What was the minimum CO2 level on Earth?

200 ppm

Before the industrial revoltuion, what was the maximum CO2 level on Earth?

280 ppm

What was the CO2 level when Dave Keeling began to measure it?

313 ppm in 1958

What is the current CO2 level? (can find by googling Keeling Curve and looking above the graph)

429 ppm (in class slides) 431.44 ppm 4/28

What are the four factors which tell us modern climate change is happening, human caused, and serious?

the keeling curve, ice and sediment cores, carbon dioxide molecules have “signatures”, the speed of change is unprecendented

How was climate skepticism created?

Industry contested science challenged its products by: 1. hiring industry-friendly scientists 2. producing books and articles from “think tanks” 3. using the rhetorical “trope of uncertainty” to nurture doubt in the public mind and delay action

Who had the world’s best climate scientists in the 1970s?

Exxon

In what year did NASA scientist James Hansen testify that “global warming is affecting our planet now”?

1988

When was the first Conference of Parties to address climate change (COP 1)?

1995

What does the IPCC stand for?

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change