orgo exam 2 simplified

aldyde

cabonyl with H

keytone

carbonyl attached to 2 carbons

amide

carbonyl attached to NH2

carboxylic acid

carbonyl attached to OH

ester

carbonyl attached to OR

primary alc weak oxidation

aldehyde

Primary alc strong oxidation

CA

secondary alc any oxidation

ketone

aldehyde strong oxidation

CA

aldehyde weak oxiadtion

no reaction

ketone any oxitation

no reaction

physical properties of ketones and aldehydes

polar, dipole dipole forces, can H bond with water but not themselves, soluble: larger molecules are less soluble

what is the hybridization of the carbonyl carbon in alds and keys

trigonal planar, Sp2

acetal

central atom has H

ketal

central atom has no H

Hemi-

hemi has OH group along with OR groups

highest to lowest boiling point

CA, esters, aldehydes and ketones

why do CAs have highest boiling point

form dimers, or double hydrogen bonds

water solubility of carboxylic acids

smaller=more water soluble. more carbons in chain=less soluble

acid based reaction in CAs

CA and strong base makes carboxyate salt and water

take H from CA and OH from base

fischer esterfication

carboxylic acid and alcohol reversible makes ester and water with an acid catalyst

take OH from CA and H from alc to make water, the remains make the ester

acid chloride ester formation

acid chloride and alcohol form ester and HCl

take Cl from acid chloride and H from alcohol to get HCl, remains makes ester

acid anhydride ester formation

anhydride and alcohol make ester and CA

take O-C=O- R from anhydride and H from alc remain is ester

acidic hydrolysis

ester and water and hydrogen make CA and alcohol

saponification

ester and strong base make carboxylate and alcohol MAKES SOAP!

polymerization

esters form polyesters via condensation, water is produced