Biology - C5 cont.

Photosynthesis, Respiration and ATP/Glucose

Plants

What is the main organism that can carry out photosynthesis?

Light

Source of energy for photosynthesis to occur

Carbon dioxide and water

Two reactants taken in by a plant for photosynthesis

Oxygen and glucose

Two products of photosynthesis

C6H12O6

Formula for glucose

6 CO2 and 12 H+

What is combined to make glucose? (+ amounts)

Oxygen

What is the main waste product of making glucose?

Autotrophs

Organisms that only intake CO2 for energy/food - plants, algae and bacteria

Heterotrophs

Organisms that take in O2 and organic compounds for energy/food - animals and fungi

Cellular Respiration

The breakdown of glucose using oxygen to make usable energy (ATP)

Photosynthesis

Process of using light energy to create organic compounds (glucose) and oxygen - glucose used as energy for organism

Chloroplast

Membrane bound organelle that conducts photosynthesis - located in the plant cell, mostly in the palisade mesophyll in the leaves

Thylakoid

Location of photolysis - stacks located in the chloroplast in pancake structure (LDS)

granum

The name of a stack of thylakoid (LDS)

grana

The name of a stack of thylakoid, plural (LDS)

thylakoid

Light dependant stage (LDS) occurs within the…

stroma

Light independent stage (LIS) occurs within the…

chlorophyll

In the thylakoid membrane and absorbs light energy - makes plants green (LDS)

water

Taken in through the roots of the plant of the LDS of photosynthesis…

Photolysis

Process where light energy splits 12 water molecules to make 6 oxygen molecules, hydrogen ions and electrons (LDS)

Oxygen

Waste product of photolysis (LDS)

ATP and H+

Useful product of photolysis (LIS) that enzymes carry to stroma for the light dependant stage

stroma

Most of the space of the chloroplast is filled with… (LIS)

Carbon dioxide

Taken in through the stomata of the plant cell (from atmosphere) for the LIS of photosynthesis…

enzyme

6 CO2, ATP and H+ are used to create glucose through what type of reactions during the calvin cycle(LIS)

calvin cycle

Name of process in the LIS that creates glucose

Water

Formed as a waste product during the calvin cycle when making glucose (LIS)

Rate

In photosynthesis: measured through uptake of CO2 or production of O2 or glucose

Limiting factors

In photosynthesis: A reactant/substance that slows the rate - CO2 concentration, H2O, chlorophyll, light and temperature

wavelength and intensity

What aspects of light affect the rate of photosynthesis

Temperature

This graph indicates which limiting factor

CO2 concentration and light intensity

This graph indicates which limiting factors (2)

45

What is the optimum temperature for photosynthesis (degrees celsius)

Glycolysis

The break down of glucose into two pyruvate, 2 ATP and two NADH

Glycolysis

First stage of cellular respiration

Cytosol

Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

Glycolisis

What stage is in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration? - does not need oxygen

Aerobic

Type of respiration that includes oxygen

Anaerobic

Type of respiration that does not include oxygen

The mitochondria

Where is the krebs cycle and electron transport chain?

The matrix

What part of the mitochondria does the krebs cycle occur in?

Cristae

What part of the mitochondria is the electron transport chain in?

acetyl coenzyme A

What is used in the krebs cycle after glycolysis (transformed from pyruvate)?

Two pyruvate

What molecules where converted into acetyl coenzyme A when transported from the cytosol to the matrix?

Krebs cycle

What stage uses an eight step enzyme controlled reaction series?

The Krebs cycle

The conversion of acetyl coenzyme A into 2 ATP, 8 H+ carrying coenzymes and CO2

Carbon dioxide

What product of the krebs cycle is waste?

NADH and FADH

Both types of H+ carrying coenzymes created during glycolysis and the krebs cycle

protein pumps

What the electrons released by the H+ carrying coenzymes power

cristae membrane

What are the protein pumps in? (location)

Electron transport chain

Stage of aerobic respiration that creates the most ATP

ATP synthase

Enzyme in the cristae membrane that is spun by the H+ ions to force a bond between ADP and Pi (smashed together) - electron transport chain

ADP and Pi

What is combined to create ATP in the ATP synthase molecule?

Water

What is created in the ATP synthase as a waste product? (oxygen is needed for the electron transport chain).

High hydrogen ion gradient

Why do the H+ ions move through the ATP synthase (from the inner membrane of the cristae to the matrix)?

32-34

Amount of ATP created by the electron transport chain

Anerobic

Type of respiration that takes place if there is no oxygen or not enough to meet demands

Anaerobic

Is anaerobic or aerobic respiration more inefficient (ATP production)?

Two

How many ATP does anaerobic respiration produce?

36-38

How many ATP does aerobic respiration produce?

NADH

The joining of H+ with NAD+ to makes what? (H+ carrying co-enzyme)

Ethanol and CO2

In fungi/plants the NADH give the H+ (electron) to the pyruvate to make what?

Lactic acid

In animals the NADH give the H+ (electron) to the pyruvate to make what?

no

Is the process for anaerobic respiration in fungi/plants reversible? (no/yes)

yes

Is the process for anaerobic respiration in animals reversible? no/yes

Oxygen increase

What causes the lactic acid to become pyruvate again?

toxic

Is the product of anaerobic respiration toxic or non-toxic?

non-toxic

Is the product of aerobic respiration toxic or non-toxic?

Limiting factors

In cellular respiration: Substrate/glucose, pH, temperature, mitochondrial density and O2 concentration are all what?

Cellular respiration

What produces ATP in a cell?

adenine

The base in ATP

phosphate

Three groups of what are attached to the ribose in ATP?

ribose

Another name for the pentose sugar in ATP

Adenosine

What do adenine and ribose make together?

electrons

The bonds between the phosphate in ATP contain a large amount of what?

adenosine triphosphate

ATP full name

hydrolysis

The process name in ATP where the end phosphate breaks off (bond breaks) releasing energy

ADP

What does ATP become after undergoing hydrolysis?

glucose

What provides the energy to reform ATP from ADP during reactions of cellular respiration?