Communications Unit 3

Selective

only accept, believe, remember, exposed to similar ideas of our own

Schemas

mental structures developed from experiences to understand world

Prototype

example

Stereotypes

generalize based of own experiences

Interpersonal Constructs

bipolar dimensions of judgment used to size up ppl in social situations

Interpretation

involvement, experience, assumptions, attitudes, expectations, knowledge, self-concept, relational satisfaction

Influences on Perception

senses, age, health, hunger, biological cycles, psychological changes

Fact/Inference Conclusion

make inference based off small information, need to be questioned

Allness

mistake when we only know little about someone and categorize

Frozen Evaluation

don’t allow ppl to change our mind

Undelayed Response

thinking error of premature decision based on little info

Relationship between Thoughts and Results

Result ALWAYS reflects on thought, thoughts create reality

Fallacy of Perfection

a person expects everyone to handle situations with complete confidence

Fallacy of Approval

idea that they need to get approval from everyone, sacrifice happiness/values

Fallacy of Shoulds

cannot distinguish from what is/what should be, unnecessary happiness/defensive

Fallacy of Overgeneralization

base belief on limited amount of info

Fallacy of Causation

irrational belief that emotions are caused by others rather than ourselves

Fallacy of Helplessness

belief that life satisfaction is determined by forces out of our control

Fallacy of Catastrophic Expectations

operates on thought of if something bad can happen, it will

Factors of Self-Concept

direct definitions, reflected appraisals, attachment styles, identity script

Particular others

people who are significant to us

Generalized others

views generally held by others in society (social experiences)

Direct Definitions

communications that tells us who we are by labeling ourselves

Reflected appraisals

how others see us is reflected in us

Identity Script

rules for identity, elements of our plot

Attachment Styles

secure, fearful, dismissive, anxious

Secure

positive view of ourself, attentive

Fearful

negative view of ourselves, abusive

Dismissive

positive view of self/neg of others, rejected

Anxious

negative view of ourselves/ positive others, inconsistent care

Internal obstacles to Listening

react emotionally, lack of effort, fail to adapt listening styles, preoccupation, prejudgment

Pseudo Listening

appear attentive but uninterested

Monopolizing or State Hogging

reroute convo to themselves

Selective Listening

only hear what we want to

Defensive Listening

perceive neg motives behind communication

Literal Listening

ignore others feelings

Ambushing

listen carefully but gather info to attack others

Active Listening

reflect/empathy, paraphrasing (reflect fact and feelings), don’t repeat, clarification, no judgment, practice

HURIER

• hearing

• understanding

• remembering

• interpreting

• evaluating

• responding

Discriminating Listening

understood particular sounds (differentiate)

Critical Listening

listen to message and analyze content

Appreciative Listening

listen for pleasure

Empathetic Listening

responding non-judgmentally to meet others needs to feal heard

How to Listen Better

• talk less

• get rid of distractions

• don’t judge

• look for key ideas

• ask questions

• paraphrase

• take notes

• maintain eye contact

Active Listening

visible positive listening and cognitive listening

Covert Coaching

self talk to advise for better listening

Self-reinforcement

send positive messages/affirmations to yourself

Covert Questioning

self ask about content to be engaged