IPS1 - [Semi Solid Preparations] - Ointments

Proverbs 16:3

Ointments

These are semisolid preparations intended for external application of such consistency that they may be readily applied to the skin with or without inunction or rubbing.

Ointments

These are typically used as emollients, protective barriers, and vehicles.

● Emollients

● Protective barriers

● Vehicles

Ointments are typically used as:

● Skin

● Nasal

● Vaginal

● Rectal

● Eyes

Routes of ointments and other medicated applications

● Medicated

● Non-medicated

Types of ointments

Medicated ointments

[TYPES OF OINTMENTS]

These ointments are those with MEDICAMENTS for treatment of CUTANEOUS infections.

Medicated ointments

[TYPES OF OINTMENTS]

Examples of these ointments are:

● Sulfur Ointment

● Zinc Oxide Ointment

● Whitfield Ointment

● Compound Resorcinol Ointment

● Sulfur Ointment

● Zinc Oxide Ointment

● Whitfield Ointment

● Compound Resorcinol Ointment

[TYPES OF OINTMENTS]

Examples of MEDICATED ointments

Non-medicated ointments

[TYPES OF OINTMENTS]

These ointments are also referred to as OINTMENT BASES.

Ointment bases

[TYPES OF OINTMENTS]

NON-medicated ointments are also referred to as ___

Non-medicated ointments

[TYPES OF OINTMENTS]

These ointments are used as protectants, emollients, or lubricants.

● Protectants

● Emollients

● Lubricants

[TYPES OF OINTMENTS]

Non-medicated ointments are used as:

● Hydrocarbon bases (Oleaginous bases)

● Absorption bases

● Water-removable bases

● Water-soluble bases

Four General groups of OINTMENT BASES

Oleaginous bases

Hydrocarbon bases are also known as ____

Hydrocarbon bases (Oleaginous bases)

[OINTMENT BASES]

These bases are WATER-FREE and DIFFICULT to wash off.

Hydrocarbon bases (Oleaginous bases)

[OINTMENT BASES]

These bases are RETAINED on the skin for PROLONGED periods.

Hydrocarbon bases (Oleaginous bases)

[OINTMENT BASES]

These bases DO NOT permit the escape of moisture from the skin.

Hydrocarbon bases (Oleaginous bases)

[OINTMENT BASES]

These bases have EMOLLIENT effect and act as OCCLUSSIVE DRESSING.

● Fixed oils of vegetable origin

● Fats obtained from animals

● Semisolid hydrocarbons from petroleum

[OINTMENT BASES]

Sources of Hydrocarbon bases (Oleaginous bases)

● Lower melting point

● Soften bases

● Lower water absorbing capacity (same with animal fats)

[OINTMENT BASES]

Advantages of FIXED OILS of vegetable origin for hydrocarbon bases

Hydrocarbon bases (Oleaginous bases)

[OINTMENT BASES]

Examples of these bases are:

● Petrolatum USP

● White Petrolatum

● Yellow Wax

● White Wax

● Yellow Ointment

● White Ointment

● Petrolatum USP

● White Petrolatum

● Yellow Wax

● White Wax

● Yellow Ointment

● White Ointment

[OINTMENT BASES]

Examples of Hydrocarbon bases (Oleaginous bases)

Petrolatum USP

[HYDROCARBON BASES]

This is also known as YELLOW PETROLATUM.

Petrolatum USP

[HYDROCARBON BASES]

This is also known as VASELINE.

Petrolatum USP

[HYDROCARBON BASES]

This is a purified mixture of semi-solid hydrocarbons obtained from petrolatum.

● Yellow Petrolatum

● Vaseline

[HYDROCARBON BASES]

Petrolatum USP is also known as:

White Petrolatum

[HYDROCARBON BASES]

This is also known as WHITE VASELINE.

White Petrolatum

[HYDROCARBON BASES]

This is a purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons from yellow petrolatum that has been WHOLLY or NEARLY DECOLORIZED.

White Vaseline

[HYDROCARBON BASES]

White petrolatum is also known as:

Yellow wax

[HYDROCARBON BASES]

This is a purified wax obtained from the honeycomb of the BEE (Apis mellifera).

Honeycomb of the bee (Apis mellifera)

[HYDROCARBON BASES]

Yellow wax is a purified wax obtained from the ___

White wax

[HYDROCARBON BASES]

This is a BLEACHED YELLOW WAX.

Yellow Ointment

[HYDROCARBON BASES]

This is prepared from 5% YELLOW WAX and 95% YELLOW PETROLATUM

5% Yellow wax and 95% Petrolatum (Yellow petrolatum)

[HYDROCARBON BASES]

Yellow Ointment is prepared from ___ + ____

White Ointment

[HYDROCARBON BASES]

This is prepared from WHITE WAX (bleached yellow wax) and WHITE petrolatum.

White wax and white petrolatum

[HYDROCARBON BASES]

White Ointment is prepared from ___ + ____

Absorption bases

[OINTMENT BASES]

These bases are NOT EASILY removed from the skin with WATER washing.

Absorption bases

[OINTMENT BASES]

These bases are useful as PHARMACEUTICAL ADJUNCTS to incorporate small volumes of aqueous solutions into HYDROCARBON bases.

A. Bases that permit the incorporation of aqueous solutions (ANHYDROUS)

B. Bases that are already W/O emulsions

[OINTMENT BASES]

Types of absorption bases are:

Absorption bases

[OINTMENT BASES]

Examples of these bases are:

A. Bases that permit the incorporation of aqueous solutions

● Hydrophilic Petrolatum, USP

● Aquaphor®

● Aquabase

B. Bases that are already W/O emulsions

● Lanolin, USP (Wool Fat)

A. Bases that permit the incorporation of aqueous solutions

● Hydrophilic Petrolatum, USP

● Aquaphor®

● Aquabase

B. Bases that are already W/O emulsions

● Lanolin, USP (Wool Fat)

[OINTMENT BASES]

Examples of absorption bases

● Hydrophilic Petrolatum, USP

● Aquaphor®

● Aquabase

[ABSORPTION BASES]

Examples of bases that permit the incorporation of aqueous solutions, resulting in the formation of water-in-oil emulsions.

Hydrophilic Petrolatum, USP

[ABSORPTION BASES]

This base is composed of:

● White Petrolatum

● 8% Beeswax

● 3% Stearyl Alcohol

● 3% Cholesterol

● White Petrolatum

● 8% Beeswax

● 3% Stearyl Alcohol

● 3% Cholesterol

[ABSORPTION BASES]

Hydrophilic Petrolatum, USP is composed of:

Aquaphor®

[ABSORPTION BASES]

A commercial example of an anhydrous absorption base that can absorb up to three times its weight in water.

Emulsion Bases

[ABSORPTION BASES]

Bases that are already W/O emulsions are also known as ____

● Lanolin, USP (Wool Fat)

● Hydrous Lanolin

● Modified Lanolin

[ABSORPTION BASES]

Example of bases that are already W/O emulsions

Sheep wool (Ovis aries)

[ABSORPTION BASES]

Source of LANOLIN

● Wool Fat

● Anhydrous Wool Fat

[ABSORPTION BASES]

Lanolin, USP is also known as ____

Anhydrous Lanolin

[ABSORPTION BASES]

This lanolin base contains ≤ 0.25% water.

≤ 0.25% water

[ABSORPTION BASES]

ANHYDROUS lanolin contains ____ % water.

Hydrous Lanolin

[ABSORPTION BASES]

This lanolin base contains approximately 25% water.

25%

[ABSORPTION BASES]

HYDROUS lanolin contains ___% water.

Modified lanolin

[ABSORPTION BASES]

This lanolin is processed to remove free LANOLIN ALCOHOLS and DETERGENTS.

● Lanolin Alcohols

● Detergents

[ABSORPTION BASES]

Modified lanolin is processed to remove ___ and ____

Water-removable bases

[OINTMENT BASES]

These are OIL in WATER (O/W) emulsions resembling CREAMS in appearance.

Creams

[OINTMENT BASES]

Water-removable bases are oil in water emulsions resembling ____ in appearance.

Water-removable bases

[OINTMENT BASES]

These are EASILY washed from the skin and are often called WATER-WASHABLE bases.

Water-washable bases

[OINTMENT BASES]

Water-removable bases are also known as ___

Water-removable bases

[OINTMENT BASES]

These bases may be DILUTED with water or with aqueous solutions.

Water-removable bases

[OINTMENT BASES]

These bases have the ability to absorb SEROUS DISCHARGES.

Serous discharges

[OINTMENT BASES]

Water-removable bases have the ability to absorb ___

Water-removable bases

[OINTMENT BASES]

An example of this base is HYDROPHILIC OINTMENT, USP

Hydrophilic Ointment, USP

[OINTMENT BASES]

Example of WATER-REMOVABLE BASES

● Methylparaben - 0.25 g

● Propylparaben - 0.15 g

● Sodium Lauryl Sulfate - 10 g

● Propylene Glycol - 120 g

● Stearyl Alcohol - 250 g

● White Petrolatum - 250 g

● Purified Water - 370 g

[WATER-REMOVABLE BASES]

Composition of Hydrophilic Ointment, USP

● Methylparaben - 0.25 g

● Propylparaben - 0.15 g

[WATER-REMOVABLE BASES]

ANTI-MICROBIAL PRESERVATIVES used in Hydrophilic Ointment, USP

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate - 10 g

[WATER-REMOVABLE BASES]

EMULSIFYING AGENT used in Hydrophilic Ointment, USP

Propylene Glycol - 120 g

[WATER-REMOVABLE BASES]

HUMECTANT used in Hydrophilic Ointment, USP

● Stearyl Alcohol - 250 g

● White Petrolatum - 250 g

[WATER-REMOVABLE BASES]

OLEAGINOUS PHASE used in Hydrophilic Ointment, USP

Purified Water - 370 g

[WATER-REMOVABLE BASES]

AQUEOUS PHASE used in Hydrophilic Ointment, USP

Water-soluble bases

[OINTMENT BASES]

These bases are commonly referred to as GREASELESS ointment bases.

Greaseless ointment bases

[OINTMENT BASES]

WATER-SOLUBLE bases are also referred to as ___

Water-soluble bases

[OINTMENT BASES]

These bases are completely WATER-WASHABLE because of the ABSENCE of the oleaginous materials.

Water-soluble bases

[OINTMENT BASES]

These bases SOFTEN with the addition of LARGE amount of aqueous solutions.

Water-soluble bases

[OINTMENT BASES]

Example of this base is POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL ointment, NF.

Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Ointment, NF

[OINTMENT BASES]

Example of WATER-SOLUBLE bases

● PEG 3350 (40%)

● PEG 400 (60%)

[WATER-SOLUBLE BASES]

Composition of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Ointment, NF

● Incorporation Method

● Fusion Method

[METHODS OF PREPARATION]

Methods of preparation for ointments

Incorporation Method

[METHODS OF PREPARATION]

The process of mixing all ingredients together until a uniform preparation is obtained (LEVIGATION)

Levigation

[METHODS OF PREPARATION]

Example of INCORPORATION method

Fusion Method

[METHODS OF PREPARATION]

All or some components of the ointment are combined by MELTING together, then cooled with constant STIRRING until the mixture congeals.

Fusion Method

[METHODS OF PREPARATION]

This method is used for SOLIDS with HIGH MELTING points.

Fusion Method

[METHODS OF PREPARATION]

A process where HEAT-LABILE substances and any volatile components are ADDED LAST, when the temperature of the

mixture is low enough not to cause decomposition or volatilization of the components.

● Large-mouth ointment jars

● Metal or plastic tubes

[PACKAGING]

Ointments should be packaged in ___

● Well-closed container

● Cool place

[STORAGE]

Ointments should be stored in ___ container and ____ place.