AP EUROPEAN HISTORY CRAM

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23 Terms

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Brahe (Tycho Brahe)

Made detailed naked-eye observations of planetary motion without telescopes.

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Commercial Revolution

Characterized by the growth of capitalism, banking systems, and joint-stock companies.

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heliocentric model

The theory that the Sun is at the center of the universe, proposed by Copernicus.

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Empiricism

The theory emphasizing observation, experimentation, and sensory experience as the basis for knowledge.

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Enlightenment

An intellectual movement promoting reason, science, and progress during the 18th century.

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Galileo (Galileo Galilei)

Improved the telescope and discovered moons of Jupiter, challenging celestial perfection.

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Kepler (Johannes Kepler)

Formulated the laws of planetary motion, proving planets move in elliptical orbits.

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Newton (Isaac Newton)

Formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation in Principia Mathematica (1687).

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Mercantilism

Economic theory emphasizing state control of trade to maximize national wealth.

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French Revolution

Began in 1789 with the Estates-General, leading to the overthrow of the monarchy and the rise of radical phases.

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Protestant

Christians who broke from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation.

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Martin Luther

German monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation with his Ninety-Five Theses (1517).

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Vernacular

The everyday language spoken by ordinary people, as opposed to Latin.

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Council of Trent

A key event in the Counter-Reformation (1545–1563), reaffirming Catholic doctrine.

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Social Darwinism

Applied Darwin’s theory of natural selection to justify imperialism and social hierarchies.

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Overseas Trade 1500-1800

Fueled by colonization and maritime empires, involving companies like the Dutch East India Company.

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Bourgeoisie

The middle class in France, consisting of merchants, professionals, and urban elites.

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National Assembly

Formed in 1789 by the Third Estate to represent the French people and passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

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Women in the Enlightenment

Contributed to intellectual life through salons and writings, advocating for gender equality.

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The Act of Supremacy

Passed in 1534, declaring the English monarch as the head of the Church of England.

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The Inquisition

A Catholic Church institution aimed at suppressing heresy and enforcing orthodoxy.

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Deism

Belief in a rational God who created the universe but does not intervene in human affairs.

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Louis XIV (The Sun King)

Absolute monarch of France who centralized power and built the Palace of Versailles.