Human Behavior Midterm

Quantitative

things that can be measured

Qualitative

things that can be observed and described, but not directly measured

Case study

where sociologists investigate in great detail a particular indiviual or group

Experiment

measure the affect of the independent variable (cause) and dependepent variable (effect)

Correlation

2 variables that are measured and how they relate

mean

the sum of a set of numbers divided by the number of numbers in a set (average)

median

the middle number when data are arragned in numerical order (middle score)

mode

the number that occurs most often in a set of numbers

range

the diffrence between the greatest and least numbers in a set of data

independent variable

the variable that is controlled (manipulated)

dependent variable

reason to change the indpendent variable; measurment collected in experiment

social control

ways to promote conformity to norms- socail life would be unpredictable, even chaoatic

stigma

an undersiable characteristic or label used by others to deny the deviant full social acceptance

positive sanction

reward, smile/award/medal

negative sanction

punishment, frown/arrest/jail

formal sanction

positive: award/medal

negative: arrest/jail

informal saction

positive: smile

negative: frown

industrial society

240 years ago

relies on science and technology to produce basic goods and services with the use of mechanization

postindustrial society

1950s-present day

More than half of employees are in service sector

Blue collar work (manufactoring)

Hunting and Gathering societies

2 million-10,000 years ago

survives by hunting animals and gathering food

Nomadic-move from place to place

Pastoral societies

12,000-10,000 years ago

Food is obtained by raisng and taking care of animals

migration and permanant homes

Horticultural societies

12,000-10,000 years ago

Food obtained by plants

No plows or animals

Agricultural societies

Grows food and uses plows and animals

Use diffrent types of tools

Positive deviance

involves overconformitity to norms, which leads to imbalance and extremes of perfectionism

Ex: charity, voluntary work, whistle blowing

Negative Deviance

invloves behavior that fails to meet accepted norms

Ex: lying, stealing, sexual harrasment

Role conflict

the situation that occurs when a person has trouble meeting the many roles connected with a single status (2+, multiple roles)

Role strain

the situtation that exisist when expectations for our performance of a role in one status clash with expectations for our performance of a role in another status ( 1, single role)

Ascribed status

a position in a social structure that is neither earned nor chosen

Ex: after birth=child, daughter, Itailian, sister, age

Achieved status

a position in a socail structure that is earned/chosen

Ex: teacher, mother, friend, teammate

Socailzation

the process of learning to behave in a way that is acceptable in society