Quantitative
things that can be measured
Qualitative
things that can be observed and described, but not directly measured
Case study
where sociologists investigate in great detail a particular indiviual or group
Experiment
measure the affect of the independent variable (cause) and dependepent variable (effect)
Correlation
2 variables that are measured and how they relate
mean
the sum of a set of numbers divided by the number of numbers in a set (average)
median
the middle number when data are arragned in numerical order (middle score)
mode
the number that occurs most often in a set of numbers
range
the diffrence between the greatest and least numbers in a set of data
independent variable
the variable that is controlled (manipulated)
dependent variable
reason to change the indpendent variable; measurment collected in experiment
social control
ways to promote conformity to norms- socail life would be unpredictable, even chaoatic
stigma
an undersiable characteristic or label used by others to deny the deviant full social acceptance
positive sanction
reward, smile/award/medal
negative sanction
punishment, frown/arrest/jail
formal sanction
positive: award/medal
negative: arrest/jail
informal saction
positive: smile
negative: frown
industrial society
240 years ago
relies on science and technology to produce basic goods and services with the use of mechanization
postindustrial society
1950s-present day
More than half of employees are in service sector
Blue collar work (manufactoring)
Hunting and Gathering societies
2 million-10,000 years ago
survives by hunting animals and gathering food
Nomadic-move from place to place
Pastoral societies
12,000-10,000 years ago
Food is obtained by raisng and taking care of animals
migration and permanant homes
Horticultural societies
12,000-10,000 years ago
Food obtained by plants
No plows or animals
Agricultural societies
Grows food and uses plows and animals
Use diffrent types of tools
Positive deviance
involves overconformitity to norms, which leads to imbalance and extremes of perfectionism
Ex: charity, voluntary work, whistle blowing
Negative Deviance
invloves behavior that fails to meet accepted norms
Ex: lying, stealing, sexual harrasment
Role conflict
the situation that occurs when a person has trouble meeting the many roles connected with a single status (2+, multiple roles)
Role strain
the situtation that exisist when expectations for our performance of a role in one status clash with expectations for our performance of a role in another status ( 1, single role)
Ascribed status
a position in a social structure that is neither earned nor chosen
Ex: after birth=child, daughter, Itailian, sister, age
Achieved status
a position in a socail structure that is earned/chosen
Ex: teacher, mother, friend, teammate
Socailzation
the process of learning to behave in a way that is acceptable in society