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Disruptive Selection
form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle
Directional Selection
occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait
Stabilizing Selection
form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end
Coevolution
Process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other
Parasite Host
a relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed
Prey and Predator
when one animal (the predator) eats another living animal (the prey) to utilize the energy and nutrients from the body of the prey
Competitive Species
when two species compete for the same food source ; same niche
Mutualistic
both organisms benefit
Comparative Anatomy
The comparison of body structures and how they vary among species
Vestigial Structures
remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.
Analogous Structures
Body parts that share a common function, but not structure
Homologous Structures
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
Biogeography
Study of past and present distribution of organisms
Comparative Embryology
the study of the similarities and differences in the embryos of different species
Fossil Record
information about past life, including the structure of organisms, what they ate, what ate them, in what environment they lived, and the order in which they lived
Biochemistry
the study of substances and processes occurring in living things
Darwin
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
Lamarck
French naturalist who proposed that evolution resulted from the inheritance of acquired characteristics (1744-1829)
Carl Linnaeus
"Father of Taxonomy"; established his classification of living things; famous for animal naming system of binomial nomenclature
Miller - Urey
Miller and Urey were scientists who, in 1953, simulated the conditions of primitive Earth in a laboratory. They put the gases theorized to be abundant in the early atmosphere into a flask, struck them with electrical charges in order to mimic lighting, and organic compounds similar to amino acids appeared.
Oparin- Haldane
Oparin and Haldane were two scientists who proposed in the 1920s that the primitive atmosphere contained the following gases: methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water. They believed that these gases collided, producing chemical reactions that eventually led to organic molecules.
Natural Selection
thumb ; Alleles that are better for the species will continue in offspring, and alleles not good for the species will not
Gene flow
pointer ; Immigration and emigration between a population, changing alleles in the population
Mutation
middle finger ; Only mutations in sex cells are basis for evolution
Non-random mating
ring finger ; organisms mate specifically for the survival of the species
Genetic Drift
pinky ; migration from one population to another
The Founder Effect
change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population
Bottleneck Effect
A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population
Taxonomy
The scientific study of how living things are classified
Domain
Most inclusive taxonomic category; larger than a kingdom
Kingdom
large taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla
Phylum
in classification, a group of closely related classes
Class
Mammalia
Order
in classification, a group of closely related families
Family
Group of genera that share many characteristics
Genus
A classification grouping that consists of a number of similar, closely related species
Species
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
Allopatric speciation
The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.
Sympatric speciation
The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area
Geographic barriers/isolation
physical/geographic barrier separates a population and its gene pool
Temporal Isolation
form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times
Reproductive Isolation
Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Behavioral isolation
isolation between populations due to differences in courtship or mating behavior
Relative Dating
Method of determining the age of a fossil by comparing its placement with that of fossils in other layers of rock
Radiometric Dating
method used to determine the age of rocks using the rate of decay of radioactive isotopes
Adaptive Radiation
An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species
Gradualism
The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily
Punctuated Equilibrium
The theory that species evolve during short periods of rapid change
Bacterial conjugation
The transfer of plasmids between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells.
Antibiotic resistance
the ability of bacteria to withstand the effects of an antibiotic
Miller-Urey experiment
Two scientists attempted to reproduce the condition of the (assumed) earth's primitive ocean's under a reducing atmosphere. They produced some of the key molecules to life (amino acids and nucleotides).
Ribozyme
An RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, such as an intron that catalyzes its own removal during RNA splicing.
RNA World Hypothesis
Hypothesis that describes how the Earth may have been filled with RNA-based life before it became filled with the DNA-based life we see today.
Earth's History
Hot atmosphere ; no protection from UV radiation ; amino acids, sugars, nitrogenous bases, glycerol ; methane and ammonia in atmosphere
Primordial soup
theory that the early oceans were a solution of organic molecules
Endosymbiosis theory
A theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from bacteria that took up residence within a primordial eukaryotic cell.
Genetic polymorphism
The existence of two or more distinct alleles at a given locus in a population's gene pool.
Gene pool
All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time
BInomial nomenclature
Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name