Psychology Final

What type of correlation is indicated if higher scores mean more depression?

Positive correlation.

What are possible explanations for the correlation between social media use and depression?

• A causes B (e.g., social media causes depression).

• Depressed people tend to use more social media.

• A personality variable may cause both.

• Medernalicise: Averaging many studies may show the correlation disappearing

What is the core idea of the use and gratification theory?

People use the internet to fulfill a specific need.

Which theorist relates to use and gratification theory?

Mark Griffius (addiction to internet stems from addiction to what it provides).

Student approach to learning

Deep (you really want to learn this, do further research on the subject on your own) or Surface (do bare minimum to get a good grade)

Parenting Styles

Authoritarian: strict rules, little input from the child

Permissive: They tend to give into their child, very few rules, lacking boundaries and limits

Authoritative: balanced approach with rules and child input

Neglectful: indifference to children’s needs, prioritizes self over parenting (the uninvolved parenting)

What self do people typically present online?

Their ideal self.

What are the "ought," "real," and "ideal" selves?

Ought self: Who you think you should be.

Real self: Who you actually are.

Ideal self: Who you want to be.

What are the five factors in the Five-Factor Model?

Extraversion - Outgoing, energetic, and enjoys social interaction.

Conscientiousness - Organized, responsible, and goal-oriented.

Agreeableness - Kind, empathetic, and cooperative.

Neuroticism - Anxious, emotionally unstable, and easily stressed.

Openness - Creative, curious, and open to new ideas.

Which factor is most associated with internet addiction?

Neuroticism

Social comparison

Upward Comparison - Comparing yourself to someone better can motivate improvement or lower self-esteem

Doward Comparison - Comparing yourself to someone worse. can boost self esteem or create self satstification feelings or even sad feelings

What are the two main factors of relationship formation?

Similarity and proximity.

Four Factors of Self-Disclosure

- descriptive (stuff facts about you)

- evaluative (you discuss your hopes and dreams)

- reciprocal (you talk about each other)

- inappropriate (saying something out of pocket, dark humor)

Social learning theory

People learn by observing others.

What is classical conditioning?

Associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a response.*rubarb*

What is random reinforcement?

When rewards are unpredictable, leading to compulsive behavior.

What is the gambling model of internet addiction?

Addiction stems from tension buildup and release, similar to gambling.

Mood Mangement

is a communication theory that suggests people choose media content to improve their mood

What are the 4D’s used to determine normal vs. abnormal behavior?

Deviance - Behavior that differs from societal norms.

Distress - Causes significant emotional or physical upset (how much does it bother a person).

Disability - how much does it affect a person from day to day (ex, you were watching tv shows for so long you failed a class)

Danger - dangerous behavior for the person or to others (”if you believe in jesus you will not be harmed”)

Describe cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Challenges beliefs and rationalizes situations to reduce negative emotions.

“Well maybe he wasn’t ignoring you he just didn’t see you, or he was just thinking about something else”. Don’t blame yourself for everything. Rationalize it

What is humanistic therapy and who is it created by?

Carl Rogers - Focuses on empathy and unconditional positive regard; therapist repeats what the client says with care and understanding.

What is client-centered therapy and who is it created by?

Carl Rogers - A type of humanistic therapy emphasizing active listening and creating a supportive environment.

What is Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) and who is created by?

Albert Ellis - Challenges irrational beliefs and thoughts, helping individuals overcome self-defeating beliefs.

What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

Therapy that reframes negative thoughts and helps rationalize situations. “well maybe he wasn’t ignoring you he just didnt see you, or he was just thinking about something else”. Don’t blame yourself for everything. Rationalize it (created by arron beck)

What does RBT focus on, and is it related to other therapies?

Focuses on realizing that distressing thoughts might not matter; related to REBT, which also challenges irrational beliefs.

What is the "flow" state in games?

A state of immersion and focus where you lose track of time.

What are the types of motivation in gaming?

Intrinsic - - the drive to do something because you want to do it

Extrinsic - the drive to do something because you get awarded for doing it

Over justification - how external rewards can reduce a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task (ex: doing something you love as a job)

What are urban legends?

Stories passed around that may or may not be true, often attributed to "a friend of a friend."

Types of rumors

- Plan rumors → true → fact

- Gossip - true or untrue

- Urban Legends - friend of a friend

What are the three processes of rumor spreading?

Leveling - Details are left out or forgotten over time.

Sharpening - Specific, interesting details are exaggerated or emphasized.

Simulated communication - Missing information is filled in with assumptions or guesses.

What is the Elaboration Likelihood Model?

explains how people are persuaded and process information. It suggests there are two main routes to persuasion (motivation and ability to process info determine which route is used):

Central route: Involves careful thought and deep evaluation of information.

Peripheral route: Relies on superficial cues like attractiveness or credibility, rather than the message itself.

What are the types of hackers?

White hat (ethical), they are doing work to protect systems and improve security.

Black hat (malicious) ex) trying to steal information.

Gray hat (in between).

social engineering in cybersecurity

Manipulating people to disclose information unknowingly. (getting people to do what you want them to do without them knowing)

rumors in the real world are

collected delusions, something that can be true or not true

online therapy benefits

it allows access people that don’t have access and people that might not wanna go to a therapist

What are the stages in the sexual response cycle?

The stages are excitation, arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. The graph shows an upward rise during excitement, a steady during plateau, a curved upward increase (also peak) during orgasm and then a decline during resolution.

What does the Triple A Model of internet addiction include?

All of these contribute to internet addiction

Accessibility - The Internet is easily available anytime and anywhere

Affordability - The internet is inexpensive or free for many users

Anonymity - Users can remain anonymous online, which may encourage addictive behavior.

Major coping styles

Problem-focused coping: Addressing the problem directly to reduce or eliminate stress.

Emotion-focused coping: Managing emotional responses to stress rather than solving the problem.

Avoidance coping: Avoiding the stressful situation or thoughts associated with it.

Social support: Seeking assistance or emotional support from others.

The four types of Bartle player types are

Achievers, Explorers, Socializers, and Killers.

This is a group of people that enjoy dressing up as animals and interacting with others as animals they are known as:

Furries

According to Allport and Postman, do rumors (in the real world) transmit by leveling, sharpening, and assimilation?

Yes, These are the three processes by which rumors are altered as they spread:

leveling (details are lost),

sharpening (key details are emphasized), and

assimilation (personal interpretation is added).

When you're perceived ability and your perceived task difficulty are matched, you're more likely to enter a state of?

Flow - is a state where individuals are fully immersed and focused on an activity, occurring when abilities match the challenge.

Which mental illness is internet addiction based off of?

Pathological gambling and chemical addiction (Internet addiction share similarities with these conditions, such as compulsive behaviors and loss of control)

"I have just failed the test." How would Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) be likely to respond to this statement?

"It's irrational to think that you're going to pass every test." - REBT challenges irrational beliefs and helps individuals replace them with more rational, realistic thoughts.

This is a type of hacker that is motivated by a social cause and wants to make a statement.

Hacktivist - Hacktivists are hackers who use hacking as a form of protest or to promote political/social causes.

When someone is unable to be aroused unless there is the presence of a nonsexual object, it is known as a?

Fetish - A fetish involves a person being sexually attracted to a nonsexual object or body part.

This is a story about someone. It may be true or untrue.

Gossip - involves informal, often unverified information, usually about other people's personal lives.

What is the addiction model?

Addiction occurs when a substance or behavior starts to negatively impact your life, even though you can use it without problems at first.

What is the gambling model of addiction?

Gambling addiction involves a build-up of tension followed by a release. There is a psychological cycle of shame, guilt, and hiding the time spent gambling, often driven by random reinforcement (e.g., checking for emails).

What is the link between gambling and fire-starting?

Both involve an internal conflict and guilt after the act

What is pathological reasoning in gambling addiction?

It's checking for results repeatedly, driven by random reinforcement.

How was the gambling model used for internet addiction?

It was used to explain compulsive internet use.

What is cyber sexual addiction?

Excessive use of online sexual content, impacting life.

Unanimity and Online Anonymity

Unanimity refers to the feeling of being "anomalous" online, where people can behave in ways they might not in real life due to the anonymity of the internet.

Kimberly Young's Triple ACE Model

Affect: Emotional impact or the way internet use is tied to emotional regulation.

Cognition: How internet addiction affects thought processes and perceptions.

Behavior: The compulsive behaviors related to excessive internet use.

Escape: The tendency to use the internet as an escape from real-life problems or negative emotions.

What is the difference between kinky and fetish behaviors?

Kinky behavior refers to unconventional sexual practices, while a fetish is a specific object, body part, or scenario that someone needs for sexual arousal.

How are use, abuse, and addiction defined?

Use is normal engagement

abuse is harmful or excessive use

addiction involves a compulsive need that significantly disrupts a person’s life.

Where do furries fit in with Masters and Johnson’s model?

Furries may be part of the sexual response cycle if it's a fetish.