Science, Technology, and Society Flashcards

Flashcards for vocabulary review of Science, Technology, and Society lecture notes.

Essence of Technology (Heidegger)

A mode of being or of revealing, not something we make.

Challenging (Modern Technology)

The mode of revealing of modern technology.

Standing in Reserve

Things that are revealed in modern technology.

Enframing

The "essence" of modern technology according to Heidegger.

Eudaimonia

Not only good fortune and material prosperity, but a situation achieved through virtue, knowledge and excellence.

Four Aspects of Human Nature

Physical, social, rational, emotional.

Human Flourishing

Personal Flourishing = talents, abilities, virtues

Living Rationally

Living rationally, externalizing values, in accordance to logic sensible. With respect on the fact of reality Living Consciously Conceptually dealing with the world

Express Moral Approval

Courageous, honest, trustworthy, loyal, helpful, generous, kind, selfless, principled.

Pleasure

What makes life worth living, according to Epicurus.

Epicure

Someone who is especially appreciative of food and drink.

Aristotle's View

The good life is a happy life.

First Golden Rule

Examine life, engage life with a vengeance; always search for new pleasures and new destinies to reach with your mind.

Second Golden Rule

Worry only about the things that are in your control, the things that can be influenced and changed by your actions, not about the things that are beyond your capacity to direct or alter.

Third Golden Rule

Treasure friendship, the reciprocal attachment that fills the need for affiliation.

Fourth Golden Rule

Experience True Pleasure.

Fifth Golden Rule

Master Yourself. Resist any external force that might delimit thought and action; stop deceiving yourself, believing only what is personally useful and convenient; complete liberty necessitates a struggle within, a battle to subdue negative psychological and spiritual forces that preclude a healthy existence; self-mastery requires ruthless candor.

Sixth Golden Rule

Avoid Excess. Live life in harmony and balance.

Seventh Golden Rule

Be a Responsible Human Being.

Eighth Golden Rule

Don’t Be a Prosperous Fool. Prosperity by itself is not a cure-all against an ill-led life and may be a source of dangerous foolishness.

Ninth Golden Rule

Don’t Do Evil to Others. Evildoing is a dangerous habit, a kind of reflex too quickly resorted to and too easily justified that has a lasting and damaging effect upon the quest for the good life.

Tenth Golden Rule

Kindness towards others tends to be rewarded. Kindness to others is a good habit that supports and reinforces the quest for the good life.

Human Existence

Social ties, consciousness, happiness, ontology, value, symbolic meaning, purpose, ethics Good and evil Free will existence of one and multiple Gods, conceptions of God soul and the afterlife

Rolando Gripaldo

Argues that the concept of public good carries largely the politico-ethical sense, which subsumes the politico-ethical senses.

Public Good

A public good is that which benefits by its use, the communal or national public.

Robot

More than just androids.

Isaac Asimov

Introduced to the world of science fiction what are known as the Three Laws of Robotics, which were published in his short story “Runaround”.

First Laws of Robotics

A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.

Second Laws of Robotics

A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.

Third Laws of Robotics

A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

Technological Nature

Technologies that in various ways mediate, augment, or simulate the natural world.

Nicholas Carrs

Discusses the effects that the Internet may be having on our ability to focus, the difference in knowledge that we now have, and our reliance on the Internet.

Murphy's Law

"Anything that can go wrong, will."

Moravec’s View

Is that the robots will eventually succeed us that humans clearly face extinction.

Theodore Kaczynski

American domestic terrorist, also known as the Unabomber, killed three people during a nationwide bombing campaign targeting those involved with modern technology and wounded many others.

21st Century Technologies

It is widely within the reach of individuals or small groups. They will not require large facilities or rare raw materials. Knowledge alone will enable their use; thus, we have the possibility not just of weapons of mass destruction but of knowledge-enabled mass destruction (KMD), this destructiveness hugely amplified by the power of self- replication.

Aristotle

"All men by nature desire to know."

Nietzsche

At the end of the 19th century, not only that God is dead but that “faith in science, which after all exists undeniably, cannot owe its origin to a calculus of utility; it must have originated in spite of the fact that the disutility and dangerousness of the ‘will to truth,’ of ‘truth at any price’ is proved to it constantly.”

Information Age

Begin around the 1970s and still going on today.

Middle Ages in Europe

If people travelled at all, they typically ventured only a few miles from where they were born. For most people, the only source of both religious and worldly information was the village Catholic priest in the pulpit.

Johannes Gutenberg

Turned the printing world upside down and brought on a new era of print with his revolutionary innovation of movable type in 1445.

Printed Materials as Agents of Change

Making printed materials more accessible, it allowed for the spread of knowledge both within elite communities, like the Catholic Church and the scientific community, and also to the rest of the general population.

Paradoxes of Technology

Empowerment vs Enslavement Independent vs Dependence Fulfills needs vs Creates needs Competence vs Incompetence Engaging vs Disengaging Public vs Private Illusion vs Disillusion

Crowd Wisdom

Has been a third trend which is gathering significance, based around attaching relevance and content to all of the otherwise random pieces of information now being published. This concerns practices such as tagging, rating and commenting, as well as services such as social bookmarking and news-sharing sites which allow individuals to store and share information.

Biodiversity

Biological diversity or biodiversity is the variety of life. This variety of life occurs at all levels of ecological organization, but biodiversity generally refers to genetic, species and ecosystem diversity.

Biodiversity supports food security, dietary health, livelihood sustainability

Genetic diversity in food systems provides the foundation of crop development and food security, and promotes resistance and resilience to environmental stresses including pests and diseases of crops and livestock.

Biodiversity and medicince

Provides important resources for medical research Studies of wildlife anatomy, physiology and biochemistry can lead to important developments in human medicine. Examples of species of interest to medical science include bears, sharks, cetaceans, and horse-shoe crabs

Biodiversity and Infectious Deseases

Plays a role in the regulation and control of infectious diseases Biodiversity loss and ecosystem change can increase the risk of emergence or spread of infectious diseases in animals, plants and humans, including economically important livestock diseases, zoonotic outbreaks and global pandemics.

Overharvesting

Threats to Biodiversity : Poaching and other forms of hunting for profit increase the risk of extinction; the extinction of an apex predator — or, a predator at the top of a food chain — can result in catastrophic consequences for ecosystems.

Invasive species

Exotic species are species that have been intentionally or unintentionally introduced by humans into an ecosystem in which they did not evolve. Most exotic species introductions probably fail because of the low number of individuals introduced or poor adaptation to the ecosystem they enter.

Climate change

Climate change, and specifically the anthropogenic warming trend presently underway, is recognized as a major extinction threat, particularly when combined with other threats such as habitat loss.

Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology differs from other forms of biotechnology as it allows the isolation and transfer of genes coding specific characteristics between living organisms to produce a new living organism that expresses the desired characteristics of both organisms.

Biomedical Intended Uses of GMOs

Used as specific models for many different human diseases, including multiple infectious diseases, such as HIV, immune system defects, blood and metabolic disorders, muscular dystrophy, cancer immunotherapies among others.

Agriculture Intended Uses of GMOs

Genetic engineering provides a quicker and more precise way to achieve the same goal in one generation. Genetically modified crops offer improved yields, enhanced nutritional value, longer shelf life, and resistance to drought, frost, or insect pests.

Longer-lasting papayas

Longer-lasting papayas GMOs in the Philippines Institute of Plant Breeding in UPLB developed delayed-ripening papaya that is resistant to ring-spot virus (PRSV). The initial project assisted by the Australian government developed a papaya variety with a 14-day shelf life, or double the usual 6 days.

ACC synthase

The scientists achieved this by suppressing the generation of key enzyme in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway –ACC synthase – through genetic manipulation. ACC synthase triggers ethylene production, which causes ripening of fruits.

Protein enriched copra meal (PECM) as feed protein for tilapia, milkfish and shrimp aquaculture

Primarily used as animal feed, copra meal is an important feed resource in the Philippines. In 2014, the Philippines produced about 750,000 metric tons of copra meal as coconut by-product. About 60% of this was locally utilized mainly as animal feed.

Tomato Leaf Curve Virus (ToLCV)- resistant Variety

The Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB) of the University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB) has developed tomato breeding line resistant to tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) in the hope of reviving tomato’s robust production in the country.

Bt corn

Bt corn in the Philippines was engineered to be specifically resistant to the Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee), the most devastating corn pests in the industry. It was introduced as a “practical and ecologically sustainable solution” for poor corn farmers, a major bullet to combat poverty and improve livelihood.

Nano

Is a prefix used in the metric scale to represent one billionth. A nanometer (nm) is one billionth of a meter.

risk Genetics/Medicine/Healthcare

If the artifact incorporates some kind of computing and sensing element, say for the controlled delivery of a drug, additional risks arise for the patient if these elements should malfunction.

Gene Modification

Replacement treatment: Replacing a natural gene with a non-natural gene through homologous recombination Modifier gene therapy Adjustment of the expression of a specific gene