Chemical Substances and Consumer Products

chemical substances

are matter that has a specific chemical composition and distinct properties

chemical substances

They can be elements, compounds, or mixtures of different substances.

chemical substances

They can also be solid, liquid, or gas.

chemical compund

is a chemical substance composed of two or more elements.

chemical compound

They are held together by a chemical bond.

fixed ratio

There will be a ________ ________ for a chemical compound determining the composition of it.

fixed ratio

refers to the specific and unchanging ratio in which different elements are combined to form that compound.

chemical ; scientific; common

Common names of chemical compound, for almost every chemical compound there will be a __________ name or ___________ name, and a ____________ name.

chemical formula

is a way of representing information about chemical proportions of atom which is usually done by a subscript.

consumer products

are essential to our daily lives for their convenience, health benefits, and economic impact

consumer products

These products, ranging from cleaning supplies to medicines, enhance our quality of life, promote safety, and stimulate economic growth by providingjobs and driving innovation.

consumer products

They also play a crucial role in environmental preservation, food safety, and technological advancements.

customization; personalization

Furthermore, chemicals in consumer products offer ____________________ and ____________________ options, allowing individuals to tailor their choices to their specific needs and preferences.

- food products
- hygiene/cosmetics products
- medicinal products

consumer products (3)

1. Water (H2O)
2. Sugar (sucrose, glucose, fructose)
3. Salt (sodium chloride)
4. Starch
5. Fats (lipids)
6. Proteins
7. Vitamins
8. Minerals
9. Food additives
10. Flavor enhancers

food products (10)

1. Water (H2O)

An essential component of many foods and beverages.

2. Sugar (sucrose, glucose, fructose)

Used as a sweetener in various forms.

3. Salt (sodium chloride)

Used for flavor and as a preservative.

4. Starch

Found in foods like bread, pasta, and potatoes, serving as a source of carbohydrates.

5. Fats (lipids)

Found in various forms such as oils and butter, providing flavor and texture.

6. Proteins

Commonly found in meat, dairy, and plant-based sources like beans and legumes.

7. Vitamins

Some are added to foods as fortification, such as vitamin C, vitamin D, and vitamin A.

8. Minerals

Added to foods or occur naturally. Eg. calcium, iron, and magnesium

9. Food additives

Enhance taste and appearance. Eg. preservatives, colorants, stabilizers, and emulsifiers

10. Flavor enhancers

Enhance the taste of food products. Eg. monosodium glutamate (MSG) and natural flavors

1. Water (H2O)
2. Surfactants
3. Emollients
4. Preservatives
5. Fragrances
6. Antiseptics and disinfectants
7. Thickening agents
8. Acids and bases
9. Colorants
10. Active bases

hygiene/cosmetic products (10)

1. Water (H2O)

A primary component in many hygiene products. Eg. shampoos, soaps, and cleansers

2. Surfactants

Compounds that help clean and emulsify substances. Eg. sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium laureth sulfate (SLES)

3. Emollients

Substances that soften and moisturize the skin. Eg. glycerin, shea butter, and various oils (e.g., coconut oil, jojoba oil)

4. Preservatives

Used to extend the shelf life of products and prevent the growth of harmful microorganisms. Eg. parabens, phenoxyethanol, and benzyl alcohol

5. Fragrances

Various chemicals are used to provide scents in hygiene products. They can be a mix of natural and synthetic compounds.

6. Antiseptics and disenfectants

Substances like alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and benzalkonium chloride are used in products like hand sanitizers and disinfectant wipes.

7. Thickening agents

These ingredients help give products their desired consistency and texture. Eg. xanthan gum and carrageenan

8. Acids and bases

Used to adjust the pH of products to make them safe and effective. Eg. ingredients like citric acid and sodium hydroxide

9. Colorants

Coloring agents, either natural or synthetic, may be added to certain hygiene products for aesthetic reasons.

10. Active ingredients

In products like medicated shampoos or acne treatments, specific active ingredients such as salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide, or fluoride are included for their intended purpose.

10. Coloring agents

medicinal products (10)

1. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)
2. Excipients
3. Solvents and carriers
4. Coatings
5. Stabilizers
6. Lubricants
7. Binders
8. Fillers and diluents
9. Flavoring and sweetening agents
10. Coloring agents

medicinal products (10)

1. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)

These are the key compounds responsible for the medication's therapeutic effect. Eg. ibuprofen, aspirin, and paracetamol (acetaminophen)

2. Excipients

Inactive substances used as fillers, binders, or for other purposes to formulate the medication into a suitable dosage form (e.g., tablet, capsule, liquid). Eg. lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, and starch

3. Solvent and carriers

Help dissolve or disperse the active ingredient in liquid medications. Eg. water, ethanol, and propylene glycol

4. Coatings

Can be applied to tablets and capsules to control the release of the active ingredient or protect it from moisture and light. Eg. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and gelatin

5. Stabilizers

Used to prevent degradation of the active ingredient over time. They can include antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and chelating agents like EDTA.

6. Lubricants

Used to prevent tablets and capsules from sticking to manufacturing equipment and ensure smooth processing. Eg. magnesium stearate and stearic acid

7. Binders

Help hold the tablet ingredients together. Eg. cellulose derivatives like hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and povidone

8. Fillers and diluents

Used to increase the volume of a tablet or capsule. Eg. calcium phosphate and mannitol

9. Flavoring and sweetening agents

Used in oral liquid medications and chewable tablets to improve taste. Eg. artificial and natural flavors, and sweeteners like sucrose or saccharin

10. Coloring agents

May be added to medications for identification and aesthetic purposes. They can be natural or synthetic dyes.

Elements

are pure substances which are composed of only one type of atom.

118; 94

There are nearly _____ elements (at present) of which nearly ____ occur naturally on Earth.

Elements

classified as either metals, nonmetals or metalloids.

Elements

are represented by symbols and numbers. For example, Sodium is represented by Na.

Elements

can be distinguished by their atomic number.

Elements

cannot be broken down by chemical reactions.

Compounds

are substances which are formed by two or more different types of elements that are united chemically in fixed proportions.

Compounds

its' total number is almost endless.

Compounds

are classified according to their bonds which can be ionic, molecular or metallic.

Compounds

are represented by their chemical formula. For example, salt is represented by the formula NaCl.

Compound

Distinguished by their fixed ratio of different elements (arranged in a defined manner).

Compounds

can be easily separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions.

Pure Substance

Matter that has a fixed composition and distinct properties. Either element or compound.

Elements

All atoms are the same kind, elements have only one type of atom.

Compounds

Contains more than one type of atom, but all molecules (or repeat units) are the same.

Mixture

Have variable composition and can be separated into component parts by physical methods.

Mixture

Contain more than one kind of molecule, and their properties depend on the relative amount of each component present in the mixture.

Heterogeneous mixture

non-uniform. Eg. chocolate chip cookie- chocolate, dough, etc.

Homogeneous mixture

uniform throughout and also called a solution. Eg. air- principle components include O2, N2, and CO2

1. Water (H2O)

2. Sugar (sucrose, glucose, fructose)

3. Salt (sodium chloride)

4. Starch