A&P 3.3 Cardiovascular System (Principles of Physiology)

What does the P represent electrically and mechanically?

E: Atrial Depolarization

M: Atrial contraction

What does the QRS represent electrically and mechanically?

E: Ventricular depolarization

M: Ventricular contraction

What does the T represent electrically and mechanically?

E: Ventricular repolarization

M: Ventricular relaxation

What is the ejection fraction?

vol of blood pumped from ventricles / vol of blood that fills ventricles

Which lead is placed between the right arm and left arm electrodes, the left arm being positive?

Lead 1

Which lead is places between the right arm and left leg electrodes, the left leg being positive?

Lead 2

Which lead is placed between the left arm and left leg electrodes, left leg being positive?

Lead 3

A diagrammatic representation of lead 1, 2 and 3 is termed

Einthoven’s Triangle

The same three leads that form the standard leads also form the three unipolar leads known as the

Augmented Leads

The 3 Augmented Leads are referred to as

aVR (right arm), aVL (left arm), and aVF (left leg)

SA Nodal Cell:

Phase 4 is the unstable rest or pacemaker potential, it is a

spontaneous depolarization

SA Nodal Cell:

Phase 4 is caused by

influx of Na+, influx of Ca++

SA Nodal Cell:

Phase 0 is the

rapid depolarization

SA Nodal Cell:

Phase 0 is caused by

large influx of Ca++ ions

SA Nodal Cell:

Phase 3 is the

rapid repolarization

SA Nodal Cell:

Phase 3 is caused by

closing of Ca++ channels, efflux of K+

SA Nodal Cell:

The Na+ influx during phase 4 is from what channels?

funny

SA Nodal Cell:

The Ca++ influx during phase 4 is from what channels?

transient

Cardiac Myocyte:

Phase 4 is the influx of

Na+, Ca++

Cardiac Myocyte:

Phase 0 is the influx of

Na+

Cardiac Myocyte:

Phase 1 is the influx of ___ and efflux of ___

Cl-, K+

Cardiac Myocyte:

Phase 2 is the influx of ___ and efflux of ____

Ca++, K+

Cardiac Myocyte:

Phase 3 is the efflux of

K+

Cardiac output is the

volume/minute

Heart rate is the

beats/minute

Stroke Volume is the

volume/beat

CO=

HR x SV

As The Heart Muscle Stretches, Contractile Force Increases Only To A Point.

Starling’s Law

• conduction system

• functional syncytium

intrinsic factors of heart rate

• auto-regulation (Starling)

• preload & after load to trigger starlings (but mainly extrinsic)

Intrinsic factors of stroke volume

Which nervous system does the heart rate belong to?

Parasympathetic

Which nervous system does the stroke volume belong to?

Sympathetic

positive chronotrope means the heart rate goes ____

up

negative chronotrope means the heart rate goes _____

down

positive inotrope means the stroke volume goes ____

up

TE=

KE+PE

TPR is

total peripheral resistance

Systolic pressure is measured the moment you are ____ to hear the sound of the pulse.

able

Diastolic pressure is measured the moment you are _____ to hear the sound of the pulse.

unable

Angiotensin II (Ag II) and Arginine-vasopressin (ADH/AVP) are

vasoconstrictors

Which autonomic receptor?

• VC @ TPR beds

alpha 1

Which autonomic receptor?

• inhibits NE release

alpha 2

Which autonomic receptor?

• increased HR and contractility

Beta 1

Which autonomic receptor?

• VD @ TPR beds

beta 2

The source of Acetylcholine (ACH)

PNS/CNX

The effect of Acetylcholine (ACH)

decrease HR

The source of Aldosterone (ALD)

adrenal cortex

the effect of aldosterone (ALD)

• increase Na+ absorption at kidneys

• Increase BV > Increase BP

the source of angiotensin II

kidney/liver/lungs

the effect of angiotensin II

• increase VC > increase BP

• increase aldosterone & ADH/AVP

the source of atrial naturetic peptide

heart

the effect of atrial naturetic peptide

• Na+ loss @ kidney

• decrease BV > decrease BP

the source of antidiuretic hormone

hypothalamus/PP

the effect of antidiuretic hormone

• increase H2O absorption @ kidney

• VC in TPR beds

• increase BP

the source of epinephrine

SNS/adrenal medulla

the effect of epinephrine

• VC in TPR beds: a1

• VD in TPR beds: B2

• HR & SV (contractility)

• BP increase

the source of renin

kidney

the effect of renin

increase conversion of angiotensinogen

the source of Nitric oxide

vascular endothelium/peripheral nerves

the effect of nitric oxide

increase VD > tissue perfusion