BioTech Sem 2 Exam

bro literally gave us the study guide the day before like bffr

What is a base pair

Two nitrogenous bases connected by hydrogen bonds

What is an enhancer

A region of DNA that can increase the expression of a gene

What is an exon

The sections of a gene that actually get expressed as a mRNA segment

What is gel electrophoresis?

Using electricity to separate molecules on a gel slab

What is gene therapy

Process of correcting DNA codes that cause genetic diseases and disorders

What is transcription factors

Molecules that bind to regulatory regions to affect the expression of a gene

What is media

Source of nutrients, in liquid or solid form, for growing cell cultures

What is an operon

A region on prokaryotic DNA where one or more genes and their controlling elements are located

What is a transformation

When cells take up foreign DNA and start expressing it

What is a vector

A DNA molecule that is used as a vehicle to carry foreign pieces of DNA into a cell

What is the first step in genetic engineering

Identify a molecule that can be improved/enhanced

What is the second step in genetic engineering

Isolate gene of interest

What is the third step in genetic engineering

Transfer gene of interest into a host organism

What is the fourth step in genetic engineering

Harvest desired product from cell culture

What is used for separating proteins

Polyacrylamide

What is used in vertical gel boxes

Polyacrylamide

What is used in horizontal gel boxes

Agarose

What is used to seperate sugar molecules

Neither agarose nor Polyacrylamide

What is used to separate larger molecules such as restriction digest fragments

Agarose

What is used to separate smaller molecules such as polypeptides

Polyacrylamide

The order of amino acids on a polypeptide chain is encoded by

mRNA

Nucleotides are bonded to each other on a nucleic acid by

phosphodiester bonds

Which is involved in gene expression in a prokaryotic cell

Operons

All of the following may be used to induce changes at a particular ….. on a DNA molecule except:

Exposure to low temperatures

How many hydrogen bonds hold base pairs together

Two hydrogen bonds between A and T, and three for G and C

How often will E. coli cells divide under ideal growing conditions?

every 20 minutes

How do DNA molecules vary from one species to another?

The number of genes and non-coding regions

All of the following regulate gene expression in eukaryotes except:

operators

What is a possible outcome of site-specific mutagenesis?

Additions or deletions to DNA

Improved protein function

Cell death

All of the following are reasons some people need recombinant protein theraputics except

They need stronger nails and hair

Prokaryotic DNA is contained in

cytoplasm

Which of the following is an example of sterile technique?

treating a lab bench with disinfectant

A typical E. coli genome contains about _ genes

2000

In eukaryotic cells, after an mRNA has been transcribed,

introns are removed

All of the following are reasons to use TRIS during an electrophoresis except

to stain molecules

R plasmids are useful for both bacteria and scientists because they contain

one or more antibiotic resistance genes

Which stain causes DNA to glow orange when exposed to UV light

ethidium bromide

A circular plasmid was cut with a restriction enzyme and three bands were visualized after electrophoresis.

How many cuts were made in the plasmid?

three

A linear piece of DNA was cut with a restriction enzyme and four bands were visualized after electrophoresis. How many cuts were made?

3

Eukaryotic gene expression can be increased by

transcription factors

Which agarose concentration would work best for separating very large molecules?

.08%

When a regulatory molecule binds to an operator,

gene expression is turned off

Most of the DNA in humans is

spacer DNA within and between genes

What is agar

Solid media on which bacteria grow

How is the packaging of DNA different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Eukaryotes have more chromosomes and each is linear

A typical cell makes or uses

Over 2000 proteins

How is the DNA in a prokaryote different from that of a eukaryote?

Prokaryote has a single, circular DNA molecule

What regulates gene expression in prokaryotes?

Operon

DNA replicates through..

semiconservative replication

What is the directionality of a DNA molecule?

Anti parallel

Which of the following buffers would be a buffer used in gel electrophoresis?

TAE

Proteins are

Positively, negatively, and neutrally charged

What type of molecule is agarose?

Carbohydrate

What is the charge on an RNA molecule?

Negative

All mutagenic agents are harmful?

False

What are histones

The nuclear proteins that bind to a chromosomal DNA.

What do autoclaves use to sterilize equipment and media?

High pressure and steam

Which one of these statements is NOT true?

The total amount of DNA per cell is directly related to an organism's complexity.

The genetic engineering process includes the following:

Identification of a target molecule(s) for production

Isolation of the DNA instructions for a molecule's production

Manipulation of DNA instructions into cells that use the DNA to produce the target

Which indicator/stain glows orange with UV light?

Ehthidium Bromide

In which type of replication are two new identical strands created from one parent strand?

Semi-conservative

Which of the following codes for one or more mRNA molecules that are later translated into protein(s)?

Structural genes

In prokaryotic cells, the mRNA transcript is immediately translated into what?

Protein

Chromosomes are tightly coiled around structural proteins called what?

Histones

What type of bonds holds the hydrogens bases of the DNA molecule together?

Hydrogen bonds

The process where corrective genes are inserted into cells that contain defective genes using viruses is called what?

Gene therapy

The smallest DNA molecules are at least bp in size.

1000

Suppose you are running a PAGE test with very small molecules of protein. Which percent of agarose concentration would you use?

0.8

Which of the following stains produces an orange color that glows when mixed with DNA?

Ethidium bromide

Which of the following are used in biotechnology research as vectors to carry DNA between cells?

Bacteriophages

What is the directionality of DNA?

5' to 3'

A phosphate group in a strand of DNA is what charge?

Negative

In media preparation, what equipment is used to sterilize medium?

Autoclave

How far apart are nitrogen bases in every DNA strand?

34 nm

Semi-conservative replication keeps what down?

Mutations

What variable do we use to label haploid and diploid cells?

n

In eukaryotic gene regulation, what section of DNA is in charge of speeding up or slowing down transcription?

Transcription factor

What are collections of protein and nucleic acid molecules that become active once they are within a suitable cell?

Virus

Viral DNA and RNA are relatively what?

Long and hard to manipulate

What is a technique that involves changing the genetic code of an organism in certain sections?

Site specific mutagenesis

Where is human amylase produced in the human body?

Saliva and pancrea

Why can t-PA not be harvested from the blood for therapeutic purposes?

Humans dont make enough tpa

In what media is t-PA harvested and purified through

Broth

Why is amylase an ideal product to enter the product pipeline?

Amylase is easy to be synthesized, purified and tested

When CHO cells cloned human t-PA, the CHO cells took up the human DNA and transcribed it into

Human tpa protein

Why is it helpful for companies to use a Comprehensive Product Development Plan (CPDP)?

To decide if it is worth it to pursue the making of a produce

Antigens are used to treat diseases such as strep throat, bronchitis, and pneumonia.

False

E. coli is a common source of amylase.

False

Antibiotics are produced in bacteria

True

Amylase breaks down the disaccharide maltose to the polysaccharide amylose.

False

What type of bond connects the nitrogen bases with DNA?

Hydrogen bonds

How many hydrogen bonds hold Adenine and Thymine together?

2

How many hydorgen bonds hold Cytosine and Guanine together?

3

What type of bonds hold nitrogen bases to the sugar and the sugar to the phosphate group?

Phosphodiester

What elements are found in a phospate group?

Oxygen, phosphorus