Anatomy vs. Physiology: Body Parts and Functions; Homeostasis Mechanisms; Feedback Types; Body Organization Levels; Major Human Body Systems

how is studying anatomy different than studying physiology? what are some examples?

anatomy is the study of body parts while physiology is the study of the body part's functions EX: the heart; (anatomy) has four chambers, thick muscular walls, etc (physiology) pumps blood, maintains blood pressure

define homeostasis and state a homestatic mechanism in order (effectors, efferent pathway, afferent pathway, response, stimulus, afferent pathway, receptor)

homeostasis: the body's ability to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment: stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effectors, response

what is the difference between positive and negative feedback?

P: effector responds by enhancing the stimulus

N: effector opposes or negates the stimulus

list the levels of organization starting with the cell

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

integumentary system

Consists of the skin, sweat and oil glands, hair, and nails, separates inside of body from outside, protects against physical and chemical damage

nervous system

processes info, controls movement, thoughts, memory, and automatic functions

skeletal system

provides support and levers on which the muscular system can act

muscular system

moves limbs; allows facial expressions

endocrine system

sends broad messages to entire body

cardiovascular system

delivers oxygen and nutrients to body tissues

lymphatic system

protects the body; destroys bacteria and tumor cells

digestive system

breaks down food into smaller particles that can be absorbed

respiratory system

removes CO2 from blood

urinary system

rids the body of nitrogen containing waste

reproductive system

enables organisms to create offspring

what number on the diagram represents the abdominal cavity

3

what number on the diagram represents the cranial cavity

1

what number on the diagram represents the mediastinum cavity

6

what number on the diagram represents the pelvic cavity

4

what number on the diagram represents the pericardial cavity

7

what number on the diagram represents the pleural cavity

2

what number on the diagram represents the spinal/vertebral cavity

5

what number on the diagram represents the thoracic cavity

8

identify the sagittal cut

3

identify the frontal/coral cut

1

identify the transverse cut

2

which arrows represent the medial and lateral directions

medial: 2c lateral: 1c

which arrows represent the proximal and distal directions

proximal: 1d distal: 2d

which arrows represent the cranial and caudal directions

cranial: 1b caudal: 2b

patellar

T

femoral

S

gluteal

F

thoracic

c

abdominal

L

brachial

J

cervical

G

lumbar

M

tarsal

x

digital

P

carpal

O

ocular

A

buccal

B

oral

F

nasal

D

which solution represents a hypertonic solution

3

which solutions represents an isotonic solution

1

which one represents a hypotonic solution

2

list the four types and how they are unique or different from one another.

epithelial: covers exposed surfaces, lines internal cavities and forms glands

connective: connects the epithelium to the rest of the body

muscle: responsible for movement

neural: conducts electrical impulses across body

what is this tissue type

simple squamous (epithelium)

what is this tissue type

simple cuboidal (epithelial)

what is this tissue type

simple columnar (epithelial)

what is this tissue

stratified squamous (epithelium)

what is this tissue

stratified cuboidal (epithelium)

what is this tissue

stratified columnar (epithelium)

what is this tissue

pseudostratified columnar (epithelium)

what is this tissue

adipose (connective)

what is this tissue

cartilage (connective)

what is this tissue

skeletal (muscle)

what is this tissue

cardiac (muscle)

what is this tissue

smooth (muscle)

what tissue is this

neuron

what is this tissue

bone (osseous) [connective]

what is this tissue

dense irregular (connective)

list the three layers of the skin and their functions

epidermis: outermost, thinnest layer, waterproof barrier

dermis: middle layer, has connective tissue, hair follicles, blood vessels, sweat glands

hypodermis: deepest layer of skin, made of fat and connective tissue

what kind of specialized cells are in the epidermis and what do they do

keratinocytes: tough layer | melanocytes: pigment | dendritic: immune defense | merkel: sensory receptor

what kind of specialized cells are in the dermis and what do they do

fibroblast; collagen | mast cells; immune response | macrophages; engulf debris | sensory neurons; detect pain

what kind of specialized cells are in the hypodermis and what do they do

adipocytes: fat storage | fibroblasts: structural support

what are three ways the integumentary system regulates temperature

sweat (cools), blood flow (releases and conserves heat), hair and fat insulation (traps warmth)

list and describe the three types of burns

1st degree: effects only epidermis (sunburns)

2nd degree: effects epidermis and upper epidermis (no permanent scarring)

3rd degree: effects all layers of skin, has permanent scarring

list and describe the homeostatic imbalances (diseases and infections) of the integumentary system [there are

acne: infection of the sebaceous glands

athletes foot: fungal infection between toes

boils and carbuncles: inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands

cold sores: blisters caused by herpes

psoriasis: chronic autoimmune disease where the body overproduces skin causing itching and burning

impetigo: bacterial staph infection around mouth and nose

basal cell carcinoma: malignancy in the lowest epidermal layer

where is the cerebellum and what does it do

f | motor patterns, balance and equilibrium

where is the frontal lobe and what does it do

k | reasoning and problem solving

where are the pons

H

where is the medulla oblongata and what does it do

G | regulates cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive center

where is the occipital lobe and what does do

E | in charge of visual interpretations

where is the parietal lobe and what does it do

D | sensory relay

where is the temporal lobe and what does it do

i | hearing, memory, language comprehension, emotional processing, and object recognition

what does the hypothalamus do

links basic functions with emotions

what does the hippocampus do

retrieves long term memories

what does the wernickes area

it is the general interpretive area

what is the brochas area in charge of

speech

what is the raised area of the brain referred as

gyri

what are the grooves of the brain referred as

sulci

where is the axon

8

where are the dendrites

9

where is the myelin sheath

3

where are the synaptic terminals

7

what is the cns

consists of the brain and spinal cord; acts as the body’s control center

what is the pns

consists of all other nerves; communication highway

what is the difference between neurons and neuroglia 9which one can divide)

nerouns signal cells while neuroglia provides support and can divide

list the kinds of neurotransmitters discussed in unit 4 and their general functions

excitatory: causes depolarization and promotion olfaction potential

inhibitory: causes hyperpolarization and inhibits action potential

list and describe the homeostatic imbalances discussed w/ the nervous system

parkinsons: death of dopamine receptors

multiple sclerosis: degration of the myelin sheath

huntingtons disease: genetic disorder that breaks down brain

alzheimers: gradual cell death in brain

epilepsy: neurons send abnormal signals causing seizures

list the 6 primary taste sensations and describe the benefit of being able to taste certain flavors

sweet: can identify energy rich food for survival

sour: a safeguard; can identify spoiled foods

umami: can identify protein rich foods for nutrtition

water: guides hyrdration; can identify safe/pure water

salty: can detect and regulate sodium intake for health

bitter: a survival mechanism; identify poisonous foods

where is the aqueous humor

C (fluid in cavity)

where is the choroid

G

where is the ciliary body

F

where is the cornea

A

where is the fovea

H

where is the iris

E