After World War 2 (the 70s and 80s)

What was the "Youthquake"?

A powerful youth-driven protest culture in the 1960s, involving rock music, sexual freedom, drug use, and political activism.

What is counterculture?

A subculture that opposes the dominant established culture, often associated with youth in the 1960s.

Why did Canadian youth protest the Vietnam War?

They were influenced by political beliefs, met draft resisters, and wanted positive social change.

What were the outcomes of youth activism in Canada?

Lowered voting age from 21 to 18 in 1972 and more government funding for youth programs.

What was the Rhino Party known for?

A satirical political party that mocked traditional politics while making serious critiques.

What was the main message of Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique?

Encouraged women to break out of traditional roles and realize their full potential.

What were the goals of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women (1967)?

Right to work outside home, paid maternity leave, eliminate discrimination, and child-care support.

What is a pressure group?

A group formed to influence government policy around specific issues.

What did the Canadian Bill of Rights (1960) guarantee?

Fundamental freedoms like equality before the law, freedom of speech, and legal protection.

What reforms did Bill C-150 bring in 1969?

Legalized contraception, abortion, and homosexuality; made divorce easier.

What book kickstarted environmental awareness in the 1960s?

Silent Spring by Rachel Carson (1962).

What did Greenpeace originate as in 1970?

A small activist group in British Columbia opposing pollution and nuclear testing.

What was the Red Paper?

Aboriginal response rejecting the 1969 White Paper that threatened their identity.

What did the White Paper of 1969 propose?

Repeal Indian Act, integrate Indigenous people, and dissolve Department of Indian Affairs.

What victory did the Canadian Union of Postal Workers achieve?

Right to paid maternity leave.

Who was George Klippert?

Last Canadian arrested for homosexuality, symbolizing the need for gay rights reform.

What was the significance of the 1967 Points System?

Made immigration based on education, age, job prospects, and language skills—removing racial bias.

What did Trudeau's 1971 Multiculturalism policy promote?

Ethnic expression and cultural inclusiveness.

Who was Ellen Fairclough?

First female federal minister who removed racial bias from immigration laws (1962).

What happened to Africville and Toronto’s Chinatown in the 1960s?

Both were demolished, marginalizing Black and Chinese Canadian communities.

Define 'marginalized.'

Being pushed aside or made less important socially or politically.

Define 'disenfranchised.'

Being deprived of legal rights, such as the right to vote or own property.

What was Diefenbaker known for?

Canadian Bill of Rights, Indigenous voting rights, and appointing minorities to government.

What did Lester Pearson achieve?

Introduced Canada’s flag, divorce law reform, and social welfare programs like Medicare.

Why was Pierre Trudeau popular among youth?

Charismatic, informal, progressive, and promoted a “Just Society.”

What was the Quiet Revolution?

A period of rapid modernization and secularization in Quebec (1960–1966) under Jean Lesage.

What is the significance of Hydro-Québec?

Quebec’s government-owned energy monopoly created during the Quiet Revolution.

What was the FLQ?

A Quebec separatist group using terrorism (e.g., October Crisis) to fight for independence.

What triggered the October Crisis of 1970?

FLQ kidnapped two officials, prompting Trudeau to invoke the War Measures Act.

What was Bill 22?

Quebec legislation making French the official language of the province.

What did Bill 101 establish?

French as language of instruction, government, business, and signage in Quebec.

What was the result of the 1980 Quebec referendum?

60% voted against separation; Quebec remained part of Canada.

What caused the 1970s inflation crisis?

1973 OPEC oil embargo caused energy prices to skyrocket, leading to economic instability.

What was Trudeau’s National Energy Program (NEP)?

Aimed to reduce foreign ownership and ensure Canadian energy self-sufficiency.

What were two regional issues in the 1970s?

Regional disparity and western alienation due to federal energy policies.

What is an embargo?

A ban on trade or shipment of certain goods, used for political leverage.

What major tech advancements happened in this era?

Oral contraceptives, microchips (1971), internet development, organ transplants, moon landing.

How did Trudeau change foreign policy?

Reduced reliance on the U.S., promoted trade with communist countries, cut NATO spending.

What was Canada’s role in the Vietnam War?

Accepted U.S. draft dodgers (~30,000), sent war material, and later accepted Vietnamese refugees.

What was CIDA?

Canadian International Development Agency, promoting foreign aid and development.

What was Canada’s concern over the Northwest Passage?

U.S. treated it as international waters; Canada feared environmental damage from oil tankers.

What did the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act do?

Created a 100-mile pollution-free zone around Arctic islands with strict regulations.