ANAPHY MIDTERMS (SKELETAL SYSTEM)

rigid framework that supports the soft tissues

skeletal system

Greek word meaning dried

skeleton

2 Division of Skeleton (ax, ap)

axial and appendicular

bones that form longitudinal axis

axial

bones that forms the limbs and girdles

appendicular

structures of the skeletal system (b, j, c, l)

bones, joints, cartilages, ligaments

between at the end of the bone (c

cartilages

attached to the bone (l

ligaments

this matrix always contains collagen, ground substance, and other organic molecules, as well as minerals and water (starting phase of bone development) (em)

extracellular matrix

Categories of Bones (lb, sb, fb, ib)

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones

(upper and lower limbs) lb

long bones

wide as they are long sb

short bones

thin, flattened shape fb

flat bones

includes vertebrae and facial bones ib

irregular bones

a tubular SHAFT, covered and protected by periostueum (dia)

Diaphysis

rounded end of a long bone, to connect adjacent bones (epi)

Epiphysis

a thin layer of specialized connective tissue with unique viscoelastric propertiets, to provide a smooth, lubricated surface (art c)

articular cartilage

the sheath outside your bones that supplies them with blood, nerves and the cell (peri)

periosteum

secures the periosteum to the underlying bone (shar f)

perforating or sharpey’s fibers

thin connective tissue membrane lined with the surface of the medullar cavity (endo)

endosteum

the bones’ growth plate, composed of cartilage that is responsible for bone growth (epi p)

epiphyseal plate

the bone’s growth has reached it’s limit, it converts into this line, indicating no longer growth can occur (epi l)

epiphyseal line

cavity in the bones, these spaces are filled with the soft tissue called marrow (mc)

medullar Cavity

consists mostly of adipose tissue (ym)

yellow marrow

consists of blood-forming cells and is the only site of blood formation in adults (rm)

red marrow

a cell that lies within the substance of fully formed bone. Function: to send signals of bone formation

osteocytes

repair and remodeling of bone (inserts calcium)

osteoblast

bone repair and remodeling by removing existing bone called bone reabsorption (bone destroying)

osteoclasts

thin sheets of extracellular matrix that forms the bone (lame)

lamellae

the spaces between the lamellae where osteocytes are loacated (lacu)

lacunae

cell processes extend from the osteocytes across the extracellular matrix of the lamellae within these tiny canals (canali)

canaliculi

also known as cortical bone, has more matrix and denser with few pores

compact bone

less bone matrix and more open space

spongy bone

spongy bone consists of delicate interconnecting rods or plates of bones (shaped as the beams or scaffolding of a building) (trab)

trabeculae

formation of bone by osteoblasts (bone os)

bone ossification

bone formation that occurs within the connective tissue membranes (intra os)

intramembranous ossification

bone formation that occurs inside the hyaline cartilage (endo os)

endochondral ossification

this occurs by the deposition of the new bone lamellae onto existing bone or other connective tissue (bg)

bone growth

the removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and the deposition of new bone by osteoblast (br)

bone remodeling

occurs when an open wound extends to the site of the fracture or when a fragment of bone protrudes through the skin

open fracture

the fracture did not protrudes through the skin

closed fracture

did not perforated through skin but damaged the soft tissues (compli)

complicated fracture

the fracture that did not extended completely across the bone structure

incomplete fracture

did extended completely across the bone

complete fracture

a complete fracture in which bone breaks into more than two pieces- usually two major fragments and a smaller fragment (commin)

comminuted fracture

one fragment is driven into the spongy portion of other fragment (imp)

`impacted fracture

a fracture that runs parallel to the length of the bone (line)

linear fracture

these fracure are at the right angles to the length of the bone (transv)

transverse fracture

a fracture that takes a helical course around the bone (spi)

spiral fracture

a fracture that runs obliquely in relation to the length of the bone

oblique fracture

3 hormones that maintains calcium homeostasis (ph, d, c)

parathyroid hormone , vitamin D, and calcitonin

average adult skeleton

206 bones

are projections and depressions found on bones, which helps us to identify the location of other body structures, such as muscle (bm)

bone markings

2 categories of bone markings

projections and depressions

grows out from the bone surface (proj)

projection or processeses

indentations in the bone (dep)

depressions or cavities

a moderate prominence where muscles and connective tissues attach (tuber)

tuberosity

a raised or a prominent part of the edge of a bone. (cre)

crest

a large prominence on the side of the bone (tro)

trochanter

a small, rounded prominence where connective tissues attach (tubc)

tubercle

a prominence that sits atop of a condyle (epic)

epicondyle

a sharp, slender, often pointed projection (spin)

spine

a raised, sharp elevation of bone where muscle and connective tissue attach (sp)

spinous process

it is usually covered in hyaline cartilage inside a synovial capsule (he)

head

forms a joint with another flat bone (fac)

facet

a large prominence provides support to the hyaline cartilage (cond)

condyle

curved part of the bone that gives structural support to the rest of the bone (ram)

ramus

common projections (tube, cre, tro, tubc, epic, spin, sp, he, fac, cond, ram)

tuberosity, crest, trochanter, tubercle, epicondyle, spine, spinous process, head, facet, comdyle and ramus

common openings or depression (me, sin, fos, gro, fis, for)

meatus, sinus, fossa, groove, fissure, foramen

a tube-like channel that extends within the bone, which may provide passage and protecton to nervous system

meatus

a cavity within sny organ or tissues

sinus

a shallow depression in the bone surface

fossa

a furrow in the bone surface

groove

an open slit in a bone thatr usually houses nerves and blood vessels

fissure

a hole through wich nerves and blood vessels pass

foramen

how many bones ar there in the skull

22

how many facial bones does a person have

14

form a large portion of the side of the head

parietal bone and temporal bone

bone of your forehead

frontal

the bone at the back of your head

occipital

a single bone that extends completely across the skull. resembles a butterfly

sphenoid

anterior tot the sphenoid bone or cheekbone

zygomatic

consists of joined processes of the temporal and zygomatic

zygomatic arch

forms the upper jaw

maxilla

forms the upper jaw

mandible

sutures of the skull (spcssspol)

sagittal, parietal, coronal, sphenofrontal, sphenoparietal, squamous, parietomastoid, occipitomastoid, lamboid

skull anatomy on front view (o, s&i, nc, of, naso c, lb, ns, n con, ps, mac)

orbit, superior and inferior orbital fissures, nasal cavity, optic foramen, nasolacriminal canal, lacrimal bone, nasal septum, nasal conchae, paranasal sinuses, mastod air cells

paranasal sinuses (fesm)

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary