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antecedent boundary
a political boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in a place while people moved into occupy the surroundings
autocracy
a government that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people
autonomous region
area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or has freedom from an external authority
balance of power
when competing forces (or countries) come to a level where no single one is strong enough to dominate the others
Berlin Conference
A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules for colonizing Africa
boundary
an invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory
choke point
a strategic, narrow waterway between two larger bodies of water that provides passage through or to another region
Cold War
the state of political hostility that existed between the communist Soviet bloc countries and the US-led Western powers from 1945 to 1990
colonialism
a particular type of imperialism in which people move into and settle on the land of another country
communism
a system of social organization based on the elimination of private property; government controls means of production
consequent boundary
a subsequent boundary that accommodates existing cultural differences. A boundary line that is drawn to coincide with some cultural divide, such as religion, culture or race.
demilitarized zone
an area previously in conflict from which weapons and military forces have been removed
democracy
a government in which citizens elect leaders and can run for office
democratization
transition to a more democratic political regime
devolution
the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration
ethnic separatism
a group advocating for independence for a nation inside a state
Exclusive Economic Zone
area in which resources found up to 200 nautical miles offshore belong exclusively to the geographically bordering country
failed state
a state whose political or economic system has become so weak that the government is no longer in control
federal state
a country whose government distributes power between the central government and state/local governments; more locally based, dispersed power centers
geometric boundary
a border that is a straight line and drawn without taking into account the physical and cultural features of the land
gerrymandering
the process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power
imperialism
a broad concept that includes a variety of ways of influencing another country or group of people through direct conquest, economic control, or by cultural dominance
internal boundary
a boundary within a state indicating the presence of a sub-division or province.
international boundary
a line that separates one state from another
irredentism
when one country seeks to annex a territory in another because it has ties to the population that lives there
landlocked state
a state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea; economic disadvantage
Law of the Sea
standardized the territorial sovereignty limits for most countries at 12 nautical miles and rights to marine life/minerals within 200 miles
maritime boundary
the extensions of a country's territory that extend into the oceans around them
military alliance
close association of nations formed to provide mutual help if any one of them was attacked
multiethnic state
a state that contains more than one ethnicity
multinational state
a state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination
multistate nation
a group of people who share a common characteristic and live in multiple states
nation
a culturally defined group of people bound together by a common cultural heritage
nationalism/ethnonationalism
the desire of an ethnic community to have absolute authority over its own political, economic, and social affairs
nation-state
a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
neocolonialism
a new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by other countries
redistricting
the redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.
relic boundary
a former boundary line that is still discernible and marked by some cultural landscape features
self-determination
the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
semi-autonomous region
an area inside of a country that has some power to control itself more than other areas in a country
shatterbelt
an area of instability between regions with opposing political and cultural values
sovereignty
ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states
state
an area organized into a political unit that has sovereignty over its internal and foreign affairs; formal term for a country
stateless nation
a group of people with a common political identity who do not have a territoriality defined, sovereign country of their own.
superimposed boundary
a subsequent boundary that is imposed on the cultural landscape by powerful outsiders which ignores pre-existing cultural patterns
subsequent boundary
a boundary drawn after the development of the cultural landscape; two types: consequent and superimposed
supranationalism
when multiple countries form an organization to collectively achieve greater benefits for all members
Territorial Sea
12 mile zone of seawater adjacent to a country's coast; national territory and treated as a component of the sovereign state.
territoriality
the perceived connection of people, their culture and their economic systems to the land shown by a willingness to defend space they claim
uneven development
the increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.
trade agreement
agreement by a group of countries to promote trade among them
terrorism
the systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands
unitary state
an internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials; top down centralized governance
voting district
a territorial subdivision for electing members to a legislative body
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