American Nation II FIRST Semester Final (Ch. 16-22)

Wade-Davis Bill

radical reconstruction plan with stricter requirements for former Confederate states

black codes

discriminatory laws created in the Reconstruction-era South to keep ex-slaves subordinate to whites

anti-miscegenation laws

laws designed to keep blacks and whites from intermarrying

Civil Rights Act of 1866

law that was passed to give African Americans equal benefit of laws as white citizens; banned discrimination in state laws & expanded black rights

13th Amendment

amendment that abolished slavery

14th Amendment

amendment that established citizenship rights, due process of law, and equal protection

15th Amendment

amendment that established universal male suffrage

16th Amendment

amendment that established federal income tax

17th Amendment

amendment that established direct election of senators

Military Reconstruction Act of 1867

law that established military rule in the South to oversee new state governments & voter registration

sharecropping

a system in which white planters divided up large plantations into small farms which freedmen rented

crop lien

system in which merchants sold goods to sharecroppers in exchange for a claim on their future crop

Ku Klux Klan Act

law that made it a felony to interfere with voting rights

Manifest Destiny

the belief that the U.S. had a God-given right to expand from sea to shining sea

Great Sioux Uprising

desperate rebellion in which a group of Sioux Indians killed over 1,000 settlers in Minnesota

Sand Creek Massacre

incident in which U.S. troops attacked a Cheyenne village; leader raised a white flag, but troops killed 270 Indians (mostly women and children)

assimilation

tactic that involved forcing Native Americans to blend into & adopt white culture

Chief Joseph

leader of the Nez Perce tribe who refused to stay on the reservation & fled for the Canadian border

Ghost Dance

a nonviolent religious ritual that was said to have the power to destroy the white men

Sitting Bull

Sioux chief who joined the Ghost Dance movement & was eventually killed during his attempted arrest

Wounded Knee Massacre

incident in which soldiers were disarming Indians and an accidental shot resulted in the death of over 200 Sioux men, women, and children

Comstock Lode

the richest vein of silver ore discovered in North America (Nevada, 1859)

Chinese Exclusion Act

law passed in 1882 that banned Chinese immigration to the U.S.

Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show

exhibition show that helped create the American "Wild West" myth

Andrew Carnegie

investor/philanthropist who built the biggest steel business in the world during the Gilded Age

vertical integration

term that refers to controlling every aspect of production from beginning to end

John D. Rockefeller

oil tycoon who popularized the use of the trust as a business structure

J.P. Morgan

leader in finance capitalism & prominent banker who singlehandedly bailed out the U.S. government

Social Darwinism

application of the idea of "survival of the fittest" to the economic/social world

lynching

informal & unauthorized executions, frequently by a mob; usually racially motivated

Ida B. Wells

leader of the antilynching movement in the U.S.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony

founders of the National Woman Suffrage Association

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

organization designed to help end drunkenness in the U.S.

Irish

initially the largest immigrant group in the U.S.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

one of the first steps toward labor organization in the U.S.; began when B&O Railroad cut wages & raised dividends at the same time

Knights of Labor

first mass organization of the U.S. working class; secret society founded in 1869

American Federation of Labor

organization that coordinated the activities of craft unions throughout the U.S.; organized by trade & emphasized skilled labor

Samuel Gompers

founded the American Federation of Labor

Haymarket Riot

incident that occurred 2 days after a May Day rally; strikers attacked strikebreakers in Chicago; 6 killed by police, then a bomb was thrown into the police ranks

People's Party/Populist Party

third party formed in 1892 by the Farmers' Alliance

Henry Clay Frick

antilabor industrial manager hired to deal with the strike at Carnegie's steel mill

Homestead Lockout

incident that occurred when Andrew Carnegie refused to renew the contract with the labor union at his steel mill; striking workers attacked the Pinkertons sent to bring in strikebreakers

Cripple Creek Strike

labor incident that occurred when Colorado mine owners lengthened the workday for miners; eventually the unions won the argument

Pullman Strike

labor incident in which the American Railway Union boycotted a certain type of train cars nationwide & the railroads actually stopped running

Monroe Doctrine

policy designed to keep European powers from interfering with politics in the America

Open Door policy

proposal recommending that all major powers be allowed access to trade in China while maintaining Chinese sovereignty

Monroe Doctrine & Open Door policy

2 pillars of U.S. foreign policy in the 1890s

yellow journalism

sensationalist reporting designed to provoke an emotional response

U.S.S. Maine

battleship that exploded & provided the catalyst for the Spanish-American War

progressivism

an American political movement based on social and political reform

idealism & liberalism

2 primary characteristics of progressivism

settlement houses

houses founded in poor neighborhoods and designed to provide assistance & social services to poor communities

Jane Addams

founder of the settlement house movement

Hull House

most famous settlement house, founded in Chicago

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire

incident in which an accidental fire killed 146 of 500 employees in a New York factory

Square Deal

term used to describe Roosevelt's efforts to challenge big business

Sherman Antitrust Act

law used by Roosevelt to dissolve more than 43 trusts during his term as president

militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism

causes of WWI

Lusitania

passenger ship sunk by Germany in 1915 that caused outrage in the U.S. because some of its passengers were Americans

Zimmermann Telegram

secret telegram sent by the German foreign secretary to Mexico which said that if the U.S. entered war against Germany, Germany would return "lost provinces" to Mexico if they declared war on the U.S.

18th Amendment

amendment that established the prohibition of alcohol

19th Amendment

amendment that established women's suffrage in the U.S.

Woodrow Wilson

president of the US during WWI

League of Nations

international association of "peace-loving nations" designed to maintain global peace after WWI

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan for the WWI peace treaty

Treaty of Versailles

treaty that ended WWI

(first) Red Scare

term for the period of heightened fear of internal revolution in the U.S. following WWI

Schenck vs. United States

1919 Supreme Court case that limited freedom of speech by establishing the "clear & present danger" test

Warren G. Harding

Republican who won the election of 1920 on a platform of "returning to normalcy"

disenfranchisement

the term for taking away someone's right to vote or preventing them from voting