Unit 4 CHEM - Exam Prep.

What is the **modern definition** of an **organic molecule**?

Compounds containing **carbon atoms** that are bonded to each other, hydrogen atoms, or a few other specific elements (O, N, S, P, etc.).

What are the **exceptions** to the modern organic compound definition? (x4)

1. Carbonates
2. Cyanides
3. Carbides
4. Oxides of carbons

What differs organic and inorganic compounds from one another?

**Organic** compounds contain **carbon** atoms.

**Exceptions** and **inorganic** compounds **do not contain carbon atoms**.

What is the **original definition** for organic compounds?

Chemicals made or obtained from living organisms.

What are **functional groups**?

Recurring combinations of elements and bonds.

What are the fourteen **organic families**?

1. Alkane
2. Alkene
3. Alkyne
4. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
5. Cyclic Hydrocarbons
6. Alkyl Halides
7. Alcohols
8. Carboxylic acids
9. Ethers
10. Esters
11. Aldehydes
12. Ketones
13. Amines
14. Amides

What are **hydrocarbons**?

Organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

Aliphatic vs aromatic?

Aliphatic: chains, branched chains and rings

Aromatic: benzene rings

What are **saturated** hydrocarbons?

Hydrocarbon with only **single bonds** between carbon atoms because each carbon atom is bonded to as many other atoms as possible.

* Alkanes

What are **unsaturated** hydrocarbons?

Hydrocarbons with **double** or **triple bonds** between carbon atoms.

* Alkenes (double bonds)
* Alkynes (triple bonds)

What are **alkyl halides/haloaklanes**?

Alkanes with substituent groups of halogens.

What are **cyclic hydrocarbons**?

Hydrocarbon chains that form **rings**.

What are defining **features** of **aromatic** hydrocarbons?

Benzene rings

What are **benzene rings**?

**Carbon rings** with **alternating** single and double bonds of **identical length** (between that of a single and double bond) and certain properties. A hydrogen atom is bonded to each carbon atom.

What are **aldehydes**?

Compounds of the carbonyl functional group (carbon double bonded to oxygen) with a single substituent of the carbon.

What are **ketones**?

Compounds of the carbonyl functional group (carbon double bonded to oxygen) with two substituents off the carbon.

What are **carboxylic acids**?

Compounds of the carboxyl functional group (carbon bonded to a hydroxyl (hydroxide atom) and double bonded to an oxygen atom) with one substituent off the carbon atom.

What is an **ester**?

A derivative of carboxylic acids ((carbon bonded to a hydroxyl (hydroxide ion) and double bonded to an oxygen atom) with a single bonded oxygen and a substituent branching off of it replacing the hydroxyl.

What is an **amide**?

A derivative of carboxylic acids ((carbon bonded to a hydroxyl (hydroxide ion) and double bonded to an oxygen atom) with a single bonded nitrogen atom and a substituent branching off of it replacing the hydroxyl.

What are **alcohols**? How many **classifications** are there and what are they based on?

Hydrocarbon derivative containing a hydroxyl functional group (a hydroxide ion single bonded to a carbon atom).

* Primary: single carbon atom bonded to hydroxyl with one substituent group.
* Secondary: single carbon atom bonded to hydroxyl with two substituent groups.
* Tertiary: single carbon atom bonded to hydroxyl with three substituent groups.

What are **ethers**?

Hydrocarbon derivatives with an alkoxyl group (oxygen bonded single bonded to an alkane, the oxygen takes the place of one hydrogen).

* Oxygen atom single bonded to two carbon atoms/atom chains.

What are **amines**? What are the **classifications**?

Derivative of ammonia (NH3) with one or more of the hydrogen atoms replaced by a carbon atom/carbon chain (alkyl group).

* Primary: One hydrogen replaced
* Secondary: Two hydrogens replaced
* Tertiary: Three hydrogens replaced

What are **alkyl groups**/**substituents**?

Alkanes/parent structures with one hydrogen atom missing.

What are **isomers**?

Compounds with the **same molecular formula** but **different structure/atom arrangement**.

What are **cis-isomers**, **trans-isomers** and **stereoisomers**?

CIS-ISOMERS: matching alkyl groups on the same side of double bond.

TRANS-ISOMERS: matching alkyl groups on opposite sides of the double bonds.

STEREOISOMERS: same atoms bonded in the same order because they’re fixed and cannot change form with simple rotation.

Intermolecular forces vs Intramolecular forces?

**Intermolecular:** Between molecules

**Intramolecular:** Between atoms within a molecule.

What are **intermolecular forces**? In order of strength?

1. **Hydrogen bonds** (Hydrogen just wants to have FON)
2. **Dipole-Dipole forces** (attraction between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another)(like magnets).
3. **London Dispersion force** (temporary attractive force that occurs when the electron positions of two electrons in two different atoms form temporary dipoles).

What are **intramolecular forces**?

1. **Ionic bonds** (between a metal and a non-metal)(stronger)
2. **Covalent bonds** (between two non-metals)