Properties of Metals
Malleable
Conduct electricity
Conduct heat
Ductile (can be stretched)
Shiny
Properties of Non-Metals
Low melting and boiling points
Do not conduct heat
Do not conduct electricity
Brittle
Dull
Metalloids
Both physical properties of metals and non-metals
Periodic table patterns
The period is the row and is determined by the number of energy levels (shells)
The group is the column down and it is determined by the number of valence electrons
Ionisation energy
The amount of energy required to remove and electron from an isolated atom or molecule
Atomic Radius
The total distance from an atom's nucleus to the outermost orbital of an electron
Electronegativity
A measure of an atom's ability to attract shared electrons to itself
Relationships down the groups of the PT
Ionisation is less, the electronegativity is less, but the atomic radius is more.
Relationships across the periods of the PT
Ionization is more, the electronegativity is more, but the atomic radius is less.
Formation of an ion
An atom has an equal number of protons and electrons so they are electrically neutral
The number of electrons can change in an atom and a chemical reaction can change the number of electrons in the outer shell (valence shell)
Atoms will generally follow the octet rule where they are more stable when they have a full valence shell
Formation of a cation
When an atom loses electrons they are losing negative charge and therefore become positive
A positive ion is called a cation
E.g., Magnesium goes from 2.8.2 and loses 2 electrons to form 2.8
Formation of an anion
When an atom gains electrons into the outer shell it is gaining negative charge so it becomes a negatively charged ion
A negative ion is called an anion
E.g., Sulphur has an electron configuration of 2.8.6 and it becomes 2.8.8
Polyatomic ions
Polyatomic Ions are an ion that contains two or more atoms joined together and it has an overall positive or negative charge
Ionic compounds
Ionic compounds contain oppositely charged ions which are organised in a regular 3 dimensional lattice
Each ion is held in the crystal lattice by strong electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions around it
These are called ionic bonds
Naming ionic compounds
CATION FIRST
Potassium fluoride
Copper oxide
Magnesium hydroxide
Barium carbonate
Iron chloride
Aluminium bromide
Writing ionic fomulae
Identify the positive and negative ions
Look at the charges they need to cancel out
Swap them over and place at the bottom or if a ration of one to one put together
Physical properties of ionic compounds
Hard
Brittle
Non-conductors of electricity as a solid
Conductors of electricity in solution or molten
High melting and boiling points
Isotope
Two or more forms of the same element that contain equal number of protons but different number of neutrons in their nuclei
Relative atomic mass definition
A weighted average of the masses of atoms of the isotopes
Carbon isotopes
Almost all carbon atoms found in living things, and in the rocks, seas, and atmosphere of our planet have the number symbol 12C6
The is called Carbon-12
A fraction of the carbon atoms on Earth have the nuclear symbol 14C6
This is called Carbon-14
Relative atomic mass
The relative atomic mass we see written on the periodic table is an average.
E.g., Only a tiny fraction of carbon atoms have a mass number of 13 or 14. All the rest have a mass number of 12.
This means that the average mass of carbon atoms is 12.01
This is called the relative atomic mass of carbon
Relative atomic mass calc
Multiply the mass number of each isotope by its % abundance
Add these values together
Divide by 100 to get the average
E.g., Boron
10x20=200, and 11x80=880
200+880=1080
1080/100=10.8
Properties of an Acid
Corrosive
Taste sour
Turn blue litmus red
React with active metals
React with bases
Contain hydrogen ions
Properties of a Base
Corrosive
Taste bitter
Turn red litmus blue
Feel soapy or slippery (react with fats to make soap)
React with acids
Alkalis = soluble base
Contain hydroxide ions
Acid + Base → __________
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
E.g, Hydrochloric acid + Sodium hydroxide → Sodium chloride + Water
Oxidation
Loss of electrons
Element gains oxygen
Reduction
Gain of electrons
Element loses oxygen
A successfull collision means a chemical reaction occurs, two things must be true:
Controlling rate of reaction
Temp
Concentration
Surface area
Agitation
Catalysts
Temp
Increased temp = increased ROR
Reasons:
Increased speed of particles in liquids and gases leads to particles colliding more frequently
Gives particles more energy, when ,molecules collide, chemical bonds are more likely to break (activation energy)
Rate of Reaction
How fast a chemical reaction occurs
Concentration of the reactants
Concentrated - more solute to solvent
Dilute - less solute to solvent
Increased concentration = increased ROR
Reason:
Reactant particles are more likely to collide if there is a lot of them in a small space
Surface area
Increased SA = increased ROR
Reason:
More reactant particles are exposed
Agitation
Mixing and stirring
Increased agitation = increased ROR
Reason:
More reactant particles are exposed
Catalysts
Chemicals that speed up reactions but are not consumed (used up) during the reaction
Catalysts = increased ROR
Reasons:
Reduce the activation energy that is required to convert the reactants into products
Provides an alternate pathway for reaction
Easier for reactant molecules to collide
E.g., Enzymes are biological catalysts
Mole
Avogadros number, 6.022 x 10^23
Used to count atoms, molecules, ions etc.
The mole equation
n = number of moles (mol)
m = mass of the sample (grams, g)
M = molar mass of the sample (grams per mole, g/mol)
Molar mass is the no. of grams making up 1 mole of a substance
n=m/M
When is a substance said to be soluble?
If it dissolves in solution
Metal + Acid → ________
Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen
Metal carbonate + Acid → _________
Metal carbonate + Acid → Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide
Types of Chemical Reactions
Decomposition
Single displacement
Double displacement
Combination (synthesis)
Combustion
Precipitate reactions
Reaction occurs when two soluble reactants combine to form an insoluble product known as the precipitate
Particles from two soluble compounds mix together and some stick to form an insoluble solid
Solid precipitates out of the solution, making it murky
Usually the solution clears as the precipitate settles on the bottom or rests at the top