A&P 2 Lecture EXAM 2

What letter/letter sequence is atrial depolarization?

P wave

What letter/letter sequence is Ventricular Depolarization?

RS of the QRS

What letter/letter sequence is Atrial Repolarization?

Q of QRS

What letter/letter sequence is Ventricular Repolarization?

T wave

Is systole, relaxation or contraction?

contraction

Is dystole, relaxation or contraction?

relaxation

During diastole, pressure in the Aorta, never drops ____

to 0

When does max contraction happen in a heart?

right before repolarization

What is the formula for finding the cardiac output?

heart rate x stroke volume

In the equation for finding out the cardiac output, heart rate is dictated by what?

SA node pacemaking

In the equation for finding out the cardiac output, stroke volume is dependant on what in the heart?

myocardial pumping

With consideration of an autonomic system sending info to the SA node, what would happen in the parasympathetic pathway?

slows funny channel, increases K+ channels, decreases slope

With consideration of an autonomic system sending info to the SA node, what happens in the sympathetic pathway?

increasing funny channel leaks, increases norepinephrine release, adds calcium leak

What are the three ways that stroke volume can change?

increasing the amount of stretch
chemical stimulation
Lower Aortic pressure

What segment would be shortened if there was less delay in the AV node?

P-Q segment

Would shortening of the P-Q segment, lead to a change in the heart rate?

no

Isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling would fall into which broad heart category?

Diastole

Isometric contraction and ventricular ejection would fall into which broad heart category?

Systole

How would stroke volume be calculated?

By subtracting the end diastole volume and the end systole volume

What is the Frank Starling Principle?

more blood is stuffed, mre blood is pushed

What happens if there is a small blood volume in the heart?

small amount of blood would be pushed throughout the body

How is cardiac muscle different from other types regarding sarcolemma?

cardiac muscle is shorter than optimal length

When cardiac muscle is stretch more, ____

more force is generated

What does contractility mean in cardiac muscle?

responsiveness to chemical stimulation

Adding chemicals like norepinephrine and epinephrine ___ the stroke volume

increase

removing ACh _____ stroke volume to a certain point

weakens

What does ACh affect directly in the heart?

atria squeeze power

What does parasympathetic do to contractility

it decreases contractility

What happens in the sympathetic system to the contractility of the heart

more calcium is released and faster reuptake

If you increase contractility, what must happen to the relaxation?

must relax sooner

What is afterload affected by?

primarily affected by the pressure in the Aorta

what happens to the afterload when there is increased aortic and trunk blood pressure?

increase afterload

What happens to the stroke volume when there is an increase in aortic/trunk blood pressure?

decreased stroke volume

What happens to the afterload when theres a decrease in the aortic/trunk blood pressure?

decrease afterload

What happens to the stroke volume when theres a decrease in arotic/trunk blood pressure?

increased stroke volume

Does increasing the filling of ventricles increase contractility?

no

What are the conducting arteries also known as?

elastic arteries

What are characteristics of conducting arteries?

large and adjustable

What muscle type adjusts the resistance of blood flow in arteries?

smooth muscle

What are the Distributing arteries also known as?

muscular arteries

What are characteristics of distributing arteries?

medium and adjustable

What is the main artery type that comes out of the heart and can adjust?

Conducting arteries

What comes after the conducting artery?

distributing artery

What comes after the distributing arteries?

arterioles

What do the arterioles do?

serve groups of/single capilarries

What are arterioles also known as?

resistance vessels

What does the distributing arteries have much less of and much more of?

much less elastic and much more smooth muscles

What contributes to small changes in arteries?

arterioles

What artery causes a steep change in graph?

arterioles

What do capillaries not have?

smooth muscle

What allows the exchange of materials?

capillaries

WHat comes right after capillaries that starts coming back into the heart?

venules

What type of tunica are the endothelial cells with a basement membrane?

Tunica Interna

What type of Tunica consists of smooth muscle, collagen, and elastic tissue?

tunica media

What Tunica consists of a collagen fiber layer?

tunica externa

With the Tunica Externa, veins have something else in them, what is it?

elastic tissue

Regarding the graph of systemic blood pressure, what artery allows the stretch and spring back of the graph?

Conducting arteries

Regarding the graph of systemic blood pressure, what allows the flow of blood to adjust regionally?

distributing arteries

Regarding the graph of systemic blood pressure, what causes the pressure drop zone?

arterioles

What are the only vessels that don’t have smooth muscles?

capillaries

What are continous capillaries made of?

simple squamous epithelium

What are continuous capillaries made to do?

for the exchange of materials

What do precapillary sphincters do?

determine the blood flow through capillaries by relaxing or constricting

What are fenestrated capillaries?

capillaries with gaps where there is no barrier

Where are fenestrated capillaries more commonly found?

filtration structure in the kidneys

What are discontinous capillaries?

capillaries that allow for large molecule exchange

which vessel takes low pressure blood?

veins

What helps with the challenge of blood flowing the right direction in veins?

muscular pumps and valves

What are the jobs of Lymphatic Drainage?

to prevent excess fluid between cells

Where does the water collected from lymphatic drainage go?

goes to veins

What is mmHg?

millimeters of mercury

Higher pressure = ____ Flow

more

What is the equation for Flow?

pressure difference / resistance

What are the ways to decrease pressure flow in vessels?

less viscous blood

shorter tubes

wider tubes

what does a bigger change to pressure resistance? the length of tubes or the diameter?

the diameter

When hematocrit values increase, viscosity _____?

increases

What causes greater resistance? Vasodilation or constriction?

Vasoconstriction