Anatomy Chapter 5

four categories of tissues

epithelial

connective

nervous

muscular

tissue

a group of similar cells and cell products working toftaher to perform a pefici role in an organ

histology

the study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs (microscopic anatomy)

organ

strcuture with discrete boundaries that is composed of 2 or more tissues types

how do the primary tissue classes differ from each other

types and functions of cells

characteristics of matrix (extracellular material)

relative amount of space occupied by cells versus matrix

3 layers in embryo

ectoderm

endoderm

mesoderm

ectoderm

outer

gives rise to epidermis of skin and nervous system tissues

endoderm

inner

gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive and respiratory tracts, digestive glands, among other thigns

mesoderm

middle

gives rise to connective tissues suchs as catilage, bones, blood, dermis of skin

avascular

does not have blood vesssels

apical surface

surface of epithelial cell that faces away from basement membrane

basal surface

surfave of epithelial cell facing the basement membrane

simple

conatining one layer of cells

ALL cells touch basement membrane

stratified

containing multiple layers of cells

simple squamous epithelium

single row of thin cells

locations of simple squamous epithelium

air sacs of lungs, kidney tubules, lining of heat and blood vessels, and serosa

functions of simple squamous epithelium

permits rapid diffusion or transports of substances

secrets serous fluid

simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of square or round cells

loctaions of simple cuboidal epithelium

liver, thyroid. some glands, bronchioles, and most kidney tubules

functions of simple cuboidal epithelium

absorption and/or secretion of substances such as thyroid hormone or glucose ions, mucous production

simple columnar epithelium

eingle row of tall narrow cells with oval nuclei in basal half of cell

many possess goblet cells

locations of single columnar epithelium

lining of stomach and intestines, linging of uterus and uterine tubes

functions of simples columnar epitheslium

absoprtion and secretion of substances such a as nutrients or digestive enzymes

mucous productioon

psuedostratified columnar epithelium

looks multilayers but all cells touch basement membrane

nuclei at several layers

often has cilia and goblet cells

locations of pseudostratified columnar epitheliumlium

trachea and portions of male urthea

funstions of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

secretes and propels mucus

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

multiple cell layers

cell layers become flat and dead toward surface

locations of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

epidermis, palms and soes very heavily kertinized

functions of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

resists abrasion, retards water loss thru skin, resists penetration by pathogenic organisms

non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

same as keratinized epithelium without surface layer of dead cells

locations of non keratinized stratified squamous epitheloum

toungue, oral mucosa, esophagus, vagina

funstions of non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens

stratified cuboidal epithelium

two or more cell layers

surface cell layers square or round

locations of stratified cuboidal eoithelium

sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles

functions of stratified cuboidal epithelium

secretets sweat, Produces sperm, Produces ovarian hormones

transitional epithelium

multiplayered epithelium with surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched

locations of transitional epihtelium

urethur, bladder, urthra

functions of transitional epithelium

allows for filling of urinary tract

four categories of connective tissue

fibourous

adipose

supportive

fluid

fibrous connective tissue

composed of cells fibers and ground substance

collagenous fibers

tough flexible and stretch resistant

reticular fibers

thin, softer collagen fibers coated with glycoproteins that form framework of spleen, lymph nodes, and basement membrane

elastic fibers

thin branching made of protein called elastin allows stretch and recoil

types of fibrous connective tissue

loose connective tissue (areolar and reticular)

dense connective tissues (regular and irregular)

where is loose areolar loose connective tissue found

almost every part of the body

surrounds blood vessels and nerves

where is reticular loose connective tissue found

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow

dense regularconnective tissue

densely packed parallel collagen fibers

locations of dense regular connective tissue

tendons and ligaments

dense irregular connective tissue

densley packed randomly arranged colagn fibers and few visible cells

locations of dense irregular connective tissue

deeper layer of skin (dermis), capsules around organs

funstions of dense irregular connective tissue

withstands unpredictable stresses

funstions of adipose tissue

energy storage, insulation, cooling

supportive connective tissue (cartilage)

stiff connective tissue with flexible matrix

chondroblasts

cartilage cells that produce the matrix that will trap themch

chondrocytes

cartilage cells that are trapped in cavities

3 types of cartilage

hylanine

fibrocartilage

elastic cartilage

hylanine cartilage

clear glassy appearance cause of fineness and collagen fibers

function of hylanine cartilage

eases joint movement, holds airway open, moves vocal chords, growth of juvineille long bones

locations of hyline cartilage

articular cartilage, costal cartilage, trachea, larynx, fetal skeleton

elastic cartilage

cartilage containing abundance of elastic fibers

funstion of elastic cartilage

provides flexible elastic support

location of elastic cartilage

external ear, epiglottis

fibrocartilage

cartilage containing large coarse bundles of collagen fibers

lacks pericardium

funstions of fibrocartilage

resists compression and sbsorbs shock

locations of fibrocartilage

pubic symphysis, mesisci, intervertebral discs

supportive connective tissue

bone

two forms of osseous tissue

spongy bone

COmpact bone

fluid connective tissue

blood

function of blood

transports cells and dissolved matter from pace to place

plasma

bloods grounds substabce

erhtyocyte

red blood cell

transports oxygen and carbon dioxode

leukocytes

white blood cells

defend against infection and disease

platelets

cell fragements involveed in clotting

excitability

ability to respond to stimuli byy changing membrane potential

membrane potential

electrical charge difference (voltage) that occurs across the cell membrane

funstion of nervous tissue

detect stimuli

respond quickly

transit codded info rapidly to others

muscular tissue

elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation

funstion of muscular tissue

exert physical force on other tissues and organs

3 types of muscle tissues

skeletal

cardiac

smooth

skeletal muscle tissue

made of muscle fibers long thin cells

contain multiple nuclei adjacent to plasma membrane

most skeletal muscles attach to bone

cardiac muscle tissue

ONLY in wall of heart

contain one centrally located nucleus

smooth muscle tissue

made of fusiform myocytes lacking striations

involuntary funtion

gland

organ (or cell) that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from body

exocrine glands

maintain contact with surface by way of a duct

surfaces can be internal or external

endocrine glands

no ducts, secrete directly into blood

unicellular glands

secretary cell found in an epithelium that is predominantly non secretary

example of organs that are both exocrine and endocrine functions

liver, gonads, pancreas

hormones

messengers that stimulate cells elsewhere in body

examples of hormones

thyroid, adrenal, pituitary glands

capsule

connective tissue covering exocrine gland

stroma

connective tissue framework of gland

parenchyma

cells that perform tasks of synthesis and secreton

gland shape

tubular

acinar

tubulocinar

serous glands

produce water secretions (milk, sweat, tears, etc.)

mucous glands

produces glycoprotein, mucin, which absorbs water to form mucous

mixed glands

contian both serous and mucous cell types and produce and mixture of both secretionsgo

goblet cells

unicellular mucus glands

eccrine secretion

uses vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis

exampes of eccrine secretion

tear glands, pancreas glands, gastric glands

apocrine secretion

lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface