Reviewer in Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering key concepts, terms, and definitions from the lecture notes on culture, society, and politics.

Cultural Identity

The sense of belonging to a group; part of a person's self-conception and self-perception.

Cultural Background

Customs, language, traditions, religion, education, social and economic factors shaping belonging in a society.

Ethnicity

A social group sharing a common national or cultural tradition.

Sex

The biological state of being male or female.

Gender

Personal traits and social roles of males and females in a society.

Sexuality

The state of being masculine or feminine; a person’s sexual orientation and identity.

Orientation

A person’s sexual preference or direction, often relating to attraction.

Identity Crisis

A person not accepting or understanding their sexuality or social status.

Socio-Economic Status

A person’s or family’s financial and social esteem based on income, education, and occupation.

Food Taboo

A prohibition against consuming certain foods (e.g., during Holy Week, pregnancy, menstruation, breastfeeding).

Taboo Examples (R.A. 8485)

Laws or norms prohibiting trade or consumption of cats/dogs and other restricted foods.

Istambay

A person who lacks work and spends time idly on street corners.

Political Dynasty

Families whose members have long-standing involvement in politics.

Philippine Elections

National elections for President, Vice-President, and Senators; lower offices elected for fixed terms.

Technology

Advancing tools and methods driving social change and economic development.

Texting

Sending electronic messages via mobile or fixed devices over a network.

SMS (Short Message Service)

Standard text messaging service.

MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service)

Text messages that include multimedia content.

Selfie

A self-portrait photograph, usually taken with a phone or selfie stick.

Sociology

The study of society, social interactions, relationships, organization, structure, and processes.

Anthropology

The study of human variation, evolution, culture, and behavior across time and space.

Political Science

The study of the state, government, and politics, including theory and practice.

Areas of Sociology

Social Organization, Social Psychology, Social Change, Social Disorganization, Human Ecology, Population, Sociological Theory and Method.

Major Branches of Anthropology

Cultural Anthropology, Physical Anthropology, Archaeology, Linguistic Anthropology, Applied Anthropology.

Major Subdivisions of Political Science

Political Theory, Comparative Politics, Public Administration, International Relations, Law, Political Methodology.

Types of Society

Pre-industrial, Industrial, Post-Industrial, Modern—each with distinct production, technology, and social features.

Pre-industrial Societies

Hunting & Gathering, Pastoral, Horticultural, Agrarian, Feudal.

Industrial Society

Society powered by machines and manufacturing with increased surplus.

Post-Industrial Society

Dominated by information, services, and high technology.

Modern Society

Characterized by mass production, efficient trade, and money as a key economic medium.

Material Culture

Physical, tangible objects produced by a society (technology, artifacts, relics, fossils).

Non-Material Culture

Ideas, beliefs, values, norms, traditions that shape behavior.

Cultural Transmission

Process by which cultural elements are passed on and learned.

Enculturation

Acquiring knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values to participate in a culture.

Adaptation

Change in response to new environments or conditions.

Symbolic Communication

Use of symbols to convey meaning and enable complex thought.

Beliefs

Perceptions about reality and how the world operates.

Values

Broad preferences about appropriate actions and judgments of right and wrong.

Norms

Standard rules of conduct guiding behavior; includes ethics and legality.

Folkways

Weak norms; violations are not seriously sanctioned.

Knowledge

Facts and beliefs accumulated over time.

Symbolic Interactionism

Perspective focusing on meaning-making through symbols in social interaction.

Functionalism

View of society as interdependent parts contributing to social order and productivity.

Conflict Theory

View that groups with differing interests struggle, shaping social change.

Dramaturgical Perspective

Analysis of social behavior like a performance for an audience.

Ethnomethodology

Study of everyday interactions and shared perceptions in social order.

Social Institution

A social structure promoting knowledge, beliefs, laws, norms, and roles to maintain order.

Ascribed Status

A social position assigned at birth or involuntary.

Achieved Status

A social position attained through effort or choice.

Roles

Expected, performed, and negotiated behaviors tied to a status.

Role Expectation

Rights, duties, and obligations attached to a specific role.

Role Performance

Actual behavior of an individual in fulfilling a role.

Role Conflict

When demands of two or more roles clash.

Role Set

All the roles a person plays across different contexts.

Deviance

Violation of cultural norms; can be labeled or viewed differently.

Labeling Theory

Deviance is defined by how others label an act or actor.

Value Conflict

Deviance arises when actions conflict with a group’s values.

Conformist

Someone who accepts societal goals and approved means.

Innovator

Someone who uses unapproved means to achieve societal goals.

Ritualist

Someone who follows norms but abandons belief in achieving goals.

Retreatist

Someone who rejects both goals and means.

Rebel

Someone who rejects both goals and means and creates new ones.

Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution

Introductory clauses declaring sovereignty, aims, and the rule of law.

Citizenship

Membership in a political community with enduring ties.