Kinesiology Ch.1 Kinematics

Dr. JoHn RaymonD

Kinesiology

• Combination of art and science  

• Study of human movement 

Kinematics 

• Movement without regard for forces that produce motion or movement  

• Focuses on “the what” and “how much” of movement  

• More focused on the macro movement (big movements or did something move or not) 

Osteokinematics

(Bone) Large and observable motions between bony segments 

Arthrokinematics

(Joint) Small hidden movements occurring at joint surfaces to enable osteokinematics (roll and glide motions) 

Kinetics 

• Forces that produce or resist movement  

• Focuses on “why” motion occurs or occurred 

• More focused on the micro movements (what allowed the muscles to move or what hindered its ability to move) 

What are the 3 cardinal planes of motion

Frontal, Sagittal, TransverserF

Frontal Plane

Seperates the body into front and back

Sagittal Plane

Splits the body into a left and right

Transverse Plane

Splits the body into bottom and top

3 Axes of Motion

X,Y, & Z Axes

X Axis of motion

runs horizontally from middle of the body (medial-lateral) 

Y axis of motion

runs vertically from middle of the body (superior-inferior) 

Z axis of motion

runs front to back from middle of the body (anterior- posterior) 

Osteokinematics 

• Movement of bony levers through their Range of Motion (ROM) 

• Motion takes place in a cardinal plane around corresponding axis or axes yT

Types of Osteokinematic movement

Translatory/ Linear & Rotary/ Angular

Translatory or Linear osteokinematic movement

(displacement)- Motion parallel to axis did it transverse itself through space, did you displace the muscle or body

Rotary or Angular osteokinematic movement

(roll and glide)- Motion occurs around an axis focuses on the movement between the connected joints or muscles that need to move together to produce movement (one spot stays fixed and one part moves about an axis) 

Degrees of Freedom

Number of Axes about which a joint can move

Uni-axial Joint

• 1 plane of motion 

• Hinge or pivot Joints 

Bi-axial joint

• 2 planes of motion 

• Condyloid-Ellipsoid-Saddle Joints 

Tri-axial joint

• 3 planes of motion  

• Ball and Socket Joints 

End Feel  

• Sensation felt by the clinician (not the patient) when assessing passive range of motion (PROM) at end range  

• Either classified as normal or pathologic (Abnormal) 

Hard End Feel

Bones Touch (elbow extension)  F

Firm end feel

Joint Capsular (Fingers) (You can keep going if you force the movement) 

Soft end feel

soft tissue touch (Elbow Flexion) (muscles can’t go anymore because they are touching) 

empty end feel

• Pathologic when normal occurs in unexpected range  

• Always bad, usually meaning that something is broken or dislocated  

• Ex: Hard end feel approaching knee flexion end range  

• Empty end feel can never be considered normal  

Open Kinematic Chain (OKC)

• Most distal (away from body) segment is free to move  

• Swinging a bat, throwing a pitch, kicking a soccer ball 

Closed Kinematic Chain (CKC)rtA

• Most distal (away from body) segment is fixed in a motion  

• Pull ups, pushups, sit ups  

Arthrology

the study of joints

Three types of joints

• Synarthrosis 

• Amphiarthrosis 

• Diarthrosis (Synovial Joints) 

Synarthroial Joints

• Fibrous structure, offers stability not mobility 

• Fit between bony segments, is very congruent and tight  

• Subtypes- Syndesmosis and Gomphosis  

• Ex: sutures in skull and Tooth Joint respectively 

Amphiarthroal joints

• Provide both mobility and stability (low amounts of motion and little bit of stability) 

• Hallmark- Cartilaginous  

• Ex: Disks and Sternum 

Diarthrosis (Synovial Joints) 

• Provide mobility  

• Hallmark- Joint Capsule  

• Provides most amount of motion  

• Most of these joints have a convex-concave relationship 

• What is moving on what in motion  

• Most common type of joint in body  

• May be either Ovoid (left) or Sellar (right) in shape  

• Most synovial joints are ovoid 

• Ex: Elbow, Knee, Shoulder  

Convex and Concave Motion 

• Convex looks circular  

• Concave looks like a cave  

Concave moving on convex 

Roll and glide are in the same direction 

Convex moving on concave 

Roll and glide are moving in different (opposite) directions  

Arthrokinematics- Closed Packed Position 

• Maximum surface area contact occurs 

• Capsuloligamentous tissues are taut 

• Minimal amount of accessory motion 

• Skeletal muscle does the work of stability 

Arthrokinematics- Open Packed Position (Loose Pack) 

• Anything outside of Closed Pack 

• Used for joint mobilization 

Basic Arthrokinematics Joint Motions 

• Accompany osteokinematic motion 

• Required for a joint to exhibit full ROM 

• Are involuntary (necessary)