HOSA Epidemiology (Everything)

"Disease" refers to conditions that..

Impair normal tissue function.

2 DNA viruses:

Herpes and poxvirus

3 important variables in investigation of epidemic

-time of disease onset
-time of exposure
-incubation period

3 most common shapes of bacteria are:

Rod-shaped, spherical, and helical rods

3 RNA viruses that can cause human disease?

Rhinovirus, rotaviruses and retroviruses (causes cancer).

5 Ws of Descriptive Epidemiology

Diagnosis or health event (what), Person (who), Place (where), Time (when) and Modes of Transmission (why/how)

5 Ws of Descriptive Epidemiology

Diagnosis or health event (what), Person (who), Place (where), Time (when) and Modes of Transmission (why/how)

5 Ws of Descriptive Epidemiology

Diagnosis or health event (what), Person (who), Place (where), Time (when) and Modes of Transmission (why/how)

A case

represents instances of the problem that one wants to study

Accuracy

Refers to the degree to which the measurement is, on average, correct.

Accuracy

Refers to the degree to which the measurement is, on average, correct.

Accuracy

Refers to the degree to which the measurement is, on average, correct.

Accuracy

Refers to the degree to which the measurement is, on average, correct.

Accuracy

Refers to the degree to which the measurement is, on average, correct.

Acquired immunity

Natural & Articificial;
Active & Passive

Active Carrier

Are infectious and have symptoms

active surveillance

data actively collected, more specific objective, information

active surveillance

data actively collected, more specific objective, information

Active Surveillance

Data are actively collected for a specific purpose through direct outreach (e.g., interviews, surveys, record reviews). More accurate but resource-intensive compared to passive surveillance.

Active Surveillance +/-

+ relatively accurate reporting, local outbreaks

- expensive, more difficult to develop

active transmission

the direct spread of a disease from an infected individual to a susceptible one

Acyclovir is used to treat outbreaks of

genital herpes

Advantages of Crude, Specific, and Adjusted Rates

Crude- actual summary rates; readily calculable for international studies
Specific- homogenous groups; health purposes
Adjusted- summary statements; differences in composition of groups "removed" permitting unbiased comparisons

AF Formula

[(incidence in P)-(incidence in unexposed)]
-----------------------------------
(incidence in P)

AF Formula

[(incidence in P)-(incidence in unexposed)]
-----------------------------------
(incidence in P)

Age- and Cause-Specific Mortality Rate

(# of deaths from ___disease___ in one year from ages of ___age___) / (number of ___age___-olds in the pop. @ midyear

Age-Specific Mortality Rate

(# of deaths from all causes in one year for (age)_-olds) / (# of ___(age)___-olds in pop. @ midyear)

Age-Standardized Death Rate

A summary measure of the death rate that a population would have if it had a standard age structure; age adjusted rate.

Agent

An infectious microorganism or parasite, chemical contaminants, or physical force that causes disease or injury.

Agent

An infectious microorganism or parasite, chemical contaminants, or physical force that causes disease or injury.

Agent

An infectious microorganism or parasite, chemical contaminants, or physical force that causes disease or injury.

Agent factors

Biological (bacteria, etc.)
Chemical (poison, alcohol, smoke)
Physical (auto, radiation, fire)
Nutritional (lack of, excess of)

airborne

pathogen travels through air

Airborne Transmission

Occurs when infectious agents are carried by dust or droplet nuclei suspended in air

Airborne Transmission

Occurs when infectious agents are carried by dust or droplet nuclei suspended in air

Airborne Transmission

Occurs when infectious agents are carried by dust or droplet nuclei suspended in air

Airborne transmission

the agent is carried from the source to the host suspended in air particles

Alexander Fleming

The discoverer of penicillin.

Alexander Fleming

The discoverer of penicillin.

Alexander Fleming

The discoverer of penicillin.

Alexander Flemming

(1881

Alternative Hypthesis

Assuming that the exposure is related to the disease.

Alternative Hypthesis

Assuming that the exposure is related to the disease.

Alternative Hypthesis

Assuming that the exposure is related to the disease.

Amantadine is an antiviral drug sometimes used to prevente or moderate what disease?

Influenza among those at high risk of severe illness from the disease.

An epidemic curve with a steep up slope and a gradual down slope indicates…

Indicates a single source (point source)

An epidemiologist would get involved if an entire group got sick or if one person was sick?

An entire group

Analysis

Begins with describing the characteristics of the subjects. It progresses to calculation of rates, creation of comparative tables (e.g. two

Analysis

Begins with describing the characteristics of the subjects. It progresses to calculation of rates, creation of comparative tables (e.g. two

Analysis

Begins with describing the characteristics of the subjects. It progresses to calculation of rates, creation of comparative tables (e.g. two

analytic epidemiology

a form of epidemiology that investigates causes and associations between factors or events and health

analytic epidemiology

a form of epidemiology that investigates causes and associations between factors or events and health

Analytic Epidemiology

A form of epidemiology that investigates causes and associations between factors or events and health.

Analytic Epidemiology

Provides the "why" and "how" disease and other health events spread/occur.

Analytic Epidemiology

Provides the "why" and "how" disease and other health events spread/occur.

Analytic Epidemiology

Provides the "why" and "how" disease and other health events spread/occur.

Analytic Studies

A study with the purpose of identifying and quantifying the relationship between an exposure and an outcome and to test hypotheses about causal relationships by comparing case

Analytic Studies

A study with the purpose of identifying and quantifying the relationship between an exposure and an outcome and to test hypotheses about causal relationships by comparing case

Analytic Studies

A study with the purpose of identifying and quantifying the relationship between an exposure and an outcome and to test hypotheses about causal relationships by comparing case

Analytical Epidemiology

aims to research and study risk and protector factors of diseases.

Analytical epidemiology

when the epidemiologist tries to answer "how" and "why" as it relates to health situations

Antimicrobials

Anything that inhibits the growth of microbes.

Application to Prevention and Control

The aims of public health—to promote, protect, and restore health.

Application to Prevention and Control

The aims of public health—to promote, protect, and restore health.

Application to Prevention and Control

The aims of public health—to promote, protect, and restore health.

Attack Rate

The proportion of the population that develops illness during an outbreak; Incidence proportion

Attack Rate

The proportion of the population that develops illness during an outbreak; Incidence proportion

Attack Rate

The proportion of the population that develops illness during an outbreak; Incidence proportion

attributable fraction

proportion of disease Y in population that can be attributed to factor X

attributable fraction

proportion of disease Y in population that can be attributed to factor X

Attributable Fraction

The proportion of all cases that can be attributed to a particular exposure; etiological fraction

Attributable Fraction

The proportion of all cases that can be attributed to a particular exposure; etiological fraction

Attributable Fraction

The proportion of all cases that can be attributed to a particular exposure; etiological fraction

Attributable Fraction (AF)

the proportion of disease (Y) in the population (P) that can be attributed to factor (X).

Attributable Fraction (AF)

the proportion of disease (Y) in the population (P) that can be attributed to factor (X).

Attributable Fraction (Population Attributable Fraction)

The proportion of disease in the population that can be attributed to a specific exposure. Formula: (Incidence in population − Incidence in unexposed group) / (Incidence in population)

Attributable Proportion

A measure of the public health impact of a causative factor.

Attributable Proportion

A measure of the public health impact of a causative factor.

Attributable Proportion

A measure of the public health impact of a causative factor.

Attributable Risk (AR)

a group of measures which describe the amount of disease risk that can be attributed to a given factor (X).
Ex: Attributable Fraction

Attributable Risk (AR)

a group of measures which describe the amount of disease risk that can be attributed to a given factor (X).
Ex: Attributable Fraction

Attributable Risk (AR)

The amount of disease risk in the exposed group that can be attributed to a specific exposure. Formula: (Incidence in exposed group) − (Incidence in unexposed group)

Attributable risks

group of measures which describe the amount of disease risk that can be attributed to a given factor X
(Incidence in population)

Attributable risks

group of measures which describe the amount of disease risk that can be attributed to a given factor X
(Incidence in population)

Bacteria

Unicellular prokaryotes that have no organized internal membranous structures such as nuclei, mitochondria, or lysosomes.

Bacteria

Unicellular prokaryotes that have no organized internal membranous structures such as nuclei, mitochondria, or lysosomes.

Bacteria

Unicellular prokaryotes that have no organized internal membranous structures such as nuclei, mitochondria, or lysosomes.

Bacteria

unicellular prokaryotic organisms; that is, they have no organized internal membranous structures such as nuclei, mitochondria, or lysosomes. Bacterial genomes consist of circular, double

Bacteria is

prokaryotes

Baye's Theorem

Shows how the probability of a condition given a test result can be deduced from the probability of that test result given the condition

Bayes' Theorem

Shows how the probability of a condition given a test result can be deduced from the probability of that test result given the condition.

Bayes' Theorem

Shows how the probability of a condition given a test result can be deduced from the probability of that test result given the condition.

Bayes' Theorem

Shows how the probability of a condition given a test result can be deduced from the probability of that test result given the condition.

Bayes's Theorem

shows how the probability of a condition given a test result can be deduced from the probability of that test result given the condition

Bias

A bias is a flaw in either the study design or data analysis that leads to an erroneous result.

Bias

a flaw in either the study design or data analysis that leads to an erroneous result.

Bias

a flaw in either the study design or data analysis that leads to an erroneous result.

Bias

A flaw in either the study design or data analysis that leads to an erroneous result.