Biochem DNP Case

What part of DNP is ionizable?

the OH group

What is the pKa of DNP?

4.1

Is DNP lipid soluble?

yes

What does DNP’s actions result in?

low energy charge, increased flux through catabolic pathways, increased rate of ETC

What is hypotonia and what is it due to?

floppy baby syndrome, lack of ATP production

How many ATP are produced per NADH?

2.5

How many ATP are produced per FADH2?

1.5

Where is NADH transported to?

complex 1W

Where is FADH2 transported to?

complex II

What are electrons from cytoplasmic NADH in the heart and liver used for?

to generate mitochondrial NADH in malate-aspartate shuttle

What does the malate-aspartate shuttle consist of?

two membrane transporters and four enzymes

How many ATP are produced due to the malate-aspartate shuttle?

1 NADH = 2.5 ATP because electrons go to complex 1

What do electrons from cytoplasmic NADH in muscle do?

enter the ETC by using the glycerol phosphate shuttle

How are electrons transferred in the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle?

from NADH to FADH2

How much ATP is formed due to the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle?

1 FADH2 = 1.5 ATP because electrons go to complex II

Does the malate-aspartate or glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle make more ATP?

malate-aspartate

Where do the shuttles come into play?

step 6 of glycolysis

What does the PDH complex make that goes to the ETC?

1 NADH which goes to complex 1, makes 2.5 ATP

Does the PDH complex need a shuttle?

no it is already in the matrix

Does the citric acid cycle need a shuttle?

no because it is already in the matrix

How many total ATP can be made using glycolysis products?

2 via substrate-level, 3 or 5 using shuttles

How many ATP can be made using PDH complex products?

5 using NADH

How many ATP can be made using TCA cycle products?

15 from NADH, 3 from FADH2, 2 via substrate-level

What is the net total ATP made using malate-aspartate shuttle?

32

What is the net total ATP made using the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle

30

Does DNP directly affect electron flow?

no, it affects proton flow

How does DNP transport proteins?

from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix

Why does a DNP patients temp increase?

the energy made from the gradient can’t be used to make ATP, so it is used to make heat energy

How should the energy in the form of PMF be transformed normally?

into kinetic energy in ATP synthase and further transformed into chemical energy (in ATP)

How does DNP affect proton flow and ATP production?

protons aren’t flowing through ATP synthase, so a lot of ATP isn’t being made

Why does a DNP patient’s respiration rate increase?

because more CO2 is being made and the patient needs to get it out

Why does a DNP patient’s muscles become rigid?

there isn’t ATP to power muscle contraction

What does a high energy charge do to ETC?

decreases the rate

How does DNP affect rates of citric acid cycle and ETC?

speeds them up

What is brown fat?

fatty tissue with many mitochondria and uncoupling proteins

What does brown fat express?

a transporter that allows protons to move across the inner membrane of the mitochondriaW

What is the benefit of brown fat?

generates heat for hibernating animals

Why does NADH produce more ATP than FADH2?

because it goes to complex 1 which pumps protons

What does a lack of O2 do to the ETC?

shuts it down because there is no final acceptor

What pathway can continue if the ETC is shut down?

glycolysis