Period 5 Review

1844-1877

Manifest Destiny

John O’Sullivan coined the term in 1845 to promote that it was America’s God-given right to expand Westward to the Pacific Ocean

• Each of these contributed to Manifest Destiny:

  • Nationalism - Americans experienced intense nationalism following the war of 1812 as well as foreign policy successes as the Monroe Doctrine, which motivated moving west

  • Population increase - population continued to increase rapidly due to immigration and large family sizes, more people moved west

  • Economic development - rapid growth of American economy during the industrial revolution with the Cotton Gin and increasing the need for farmland and food production

  • Technological advances - enabled easier movement of people and goods to the west

Why did Americans move to Texas in the 1830s?

• It gave large grants to those who would convert to Catholicism

• The soil and the climate were ideal for growing cotton and brought their slaves

Why were American politicians hesitant to annex (add) the Republic of Texas

They were hesitant because Texas allowed slavery and they were worried that the vast territory would upset the balances of free and slave states

Causes of the Mexican-American war

• Annexation of Texas

• Continued border disputes between the U.S. and Mexico

Effects of the Mexican-American war

• Mexican cession under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• A border was established between the U.S. and Mexico at the Rio Grande River

What was the Wilmot Proviso and why did Southerners disapprove of it?

It was a proposed amendment that would prohibit slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico

• Southerners didn’t want to lose their slaves if they decided to move there or live there

Trails during Westward Migration

• Oregon trail

• Mormon trail

• Santa Fe trail

Oregon trail

• Farmers, ranchers, miners, business owners, and families all went

• They sought economic opportunity out west and wanted to go to the promise land of Oregon

Mormon trail

• Brigham young and members of the Mormon Church went

• They hoped for a better life and freedom from religious persecution

Santa Fe trail

• Tradesmen, emigrants who sought gold in California went

• Went for commercial reasons

What were some effects of the California gold rush?

• Rapid migration of Americans to California to profit in the gold mines

• The migration of Chinese immigrants

What was the goal of the Homestead Act?

Encouraged western land settlement by giving 160 acres of land to anyone who agreed to improve it for 5 years

Why did Germans immigrate?

The political revolution in Germany

Why did the Chinese immigrate?

The opportunity to find gold in California

What are some effects of the mass migration of immigrants?

• Urbanization and growth of cities

• An increase in anti-immigrant sentiments known as Nativism

How did Harriet Tubman resist Fugitive Slave Laws?

She actively worked on the Underground Railroad

Why were abolitionists outraged by the Dred Scott decision?

This decision effectively overturned the Missouri Compromise, allowing for slavery to spread into territories north of the Mason Dixon line

What are some effects of John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry?

This led to John Brown being a martyr for the Abolitionist cause which increased sectional tension

Popular sovereignty

The ideal that the sovereign people of a territory should be able to decide on whether or not slavery would be permitted through voting on the issue

What were some reasons that Senator Stephen Douglas proposed popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska

• He believed in deciding the issue of slavery on popular sovereignty

• He wanted the territory to be quickly settled because it would help in the development of a new transcontinental railroad

What happened with “Bleeding Kansas”

Pro-slavery southerners and abolitionists from the North rushed to Kansas and Nebraska to participate in the vote, which led to violent events

How did the different regional economics lead to the Civil War?

North - adopted industry and other innovation

South - relied on cash crops agriculture to drive its economy

The Panic of 1837

Increased tensions between the North and the South regarding the issue of slavery because Southerners believed the North needed the South to keep a stabilized economy since King Cotton was untouched by the economic downturn

How did the concept of “States Rights” contribute to the Civil War?

Southern Democrats believed that the states should have the right to determine the status of slavery as it was not explicitly given to the federal government

Why did Abraham Lincoln win the election?

• The states that voted for Lincoln had higher electoral counts because they were more popular states

• Democrats were split over the issue of slavery

What were some strengths of the Union during the Civil War?

• A higher population

• A strong military

• The ability to mobilize because it possessed factories

What were some strengths of the Confederacy during the Civil War?

• Strong military leaders

• The population had experience with guns

• A strong will to fight

What wast the goal of the Emancipation Proclamation?

To free slaves in Confederate states that were in open rebellion

What was the goal of the Gettysburg Address?

He hoped to unite the broken union and remind the country that the fight against slavery is to preserve ideals

Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan

He had a lenient plan for reconstruction that allowed Confederate states to join the Union

Johnson’s Reconstruction plan

Andrew Johnson wanted a majority of voters in Southern states to search loyalty to the Union

Radical Republic Reconstruction

Congress sought to punish the South and provide aid to freedmen

The Freedmen’s Bureau

A U.S. government agency established to aid formerly enslaved people and poor whites in the South during Reconstruction

• Gave food, shelter, clothing, and medical care

The Reconstruction Act of 1867

• Divided the former Confederate states into 5 military districts

• Outlined the terms for readmission of Confederate states to the Union

Why did the Republicans in Congress impeach Andrew Johnson?

He violated the Tenure of Office Act

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery

14th Amendment

Defined citizenship and provided for equal protection under the law

15th Amendment

Granted suffrage to all males, regardless of race

What were some failures of reconstruction?

• The KKK

• Poll Taxes

• Literacy Tests

• The Grandfather Clause

KKK

Used violence and intimidation to keep African American men from voting

Literacy Tests

Tests that were given as a condition during voting to prevent African American men from being able to register, because many of them couldn’t read

Poll Taxes

Taxes that African American men had to pay in order to vote, but many didn't have the money to pay so they couldn’t vote

The Grandfather Clause

This clause prevented African American men from voting because it meant that they could vote if they, or their ancestors, had been eligible to vote before 1867, which mostly never happened