Ch. 4-9

A statistical measure indicating the value below which a given percentage of observations fall is called __________.

Percentiles

A condition resulting from an insufficient or unbalanced diet, leading to health issues such as undernutrition or obesity is known as __________.

Malnutrition

__________ is characterized by low weight for height, indicating acute undernutrition.

Wasting

A form of malnutrition where a child's height is significantly below the average for their age is known as __________.

Stunting

Promoting regular physical activity, balanced nutrition, adequate sleep, routine medical check-ups, and mental health support are __________.

Ways to Keep a Child Healthy

The process of obtaining and utilizing food substances necessary for growth, metabolism, and overall health is called __________.

Nutrition

__________ are vaccines that protect individuals from infectious diseases by stimulating the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens.

Immunizations

A natural state of rest characterized by altered consciousness, inhibited sensory activity, and inhibition of voluntary muscles is referred to as __________.

Sleep

The sudden, unexplained death of an infant, often occurring during sleep, is known as __________.

Sudden Unexpected Infant Death Syndrome (SUID)

__________ refers to the brain's development and adaptability throughout different life stages, influenced by genetic and environmental factors.

The Changing Brain

Axons are long projections of neurons that transmit electrical impulses away from the cell body; __________ are tree-like structures that receive signals from other neurons.

Dendrites

The junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released to facilitate communication is known as __________.

Synapse

__________ is the process of eliminating unused synapses in the brain, refining neural connections to improve efficiency.

Pruning

Myelin is a fatty substance that insulates axons, increasing the speed of electrical signals; __________ is the process of forming this protective sheath.

Myelination

Developmental processes that depend on typical environmental experiences during critical periods, such as sensory stimulation, are called __________.

Experience-Expectant Brain Development

__________ occurs in response to unique individual experiences, leading to varying outcomes among different individuals.

Experience-Dependent Brain Development

Referring to physical activity, __________ is crucial for developing motor skills and overall health in children.

Moving

__________ involve large muscle groups and whole-body movement; fine motor skills involve smaller muscle movements, often in hands and fingers.

Gross vs. Fine Motor Skills

Cephalocaudal growth refers to development from __________; proximodistal growth refers to development from the center of the body outward.

head to toe

Piaget’s Sensorimotor Period is a stage in Piaget's theory (birth to 2 years) where infants learn through __________ and motor actions.

sensory experiences

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when not seen is referred to as __________.

object permanence

The cognitive framework that compares the human mind to a computer is called __________.

Information Processing Approach

A social-cognitive skill where two people focus on the same object or event is known as __________.

Joint Attention

__________ is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure, indicating learning and memory processes.

Habituation

The evolving capacity of infants to encode, store, and retrieve information as they grow refers to __________.

Changes in Memory

The Mobile and Ribbon Memory Study demonstrated infant memory and learning through a mobile attached to a ribbon tied to their foot; this showed that infants can remember __________.

actions

Interaction, stimulation, responsive caregiving, and exploration of the environment build a baby’s __________.

Cognitive Skills

High-Quality Care Outside the Home is care that is nurturing, stimulating, and supports development through __________.

structured activities

Excessive screen time can lead to negative effects on __________, learning, and social skills.

attention

The process through which children acquire and develop their ability to communicate verbally is called __________.

Language Development

Single words used by infants to express a complete idea or meaning are known as __________.

Holophrases

When a child applies a word too broadly to objects that are not part of the word's meaning, it is called __________.

Overextension

When a child applies a word too narrowly, restricting it to a single instance rather than its broader category, it is known as __________.

Underextension

The rapid process where children learn new words and make quick connections to their meanings after limited exposure is called __________.

Fast-Mapping

A special form of speech used by adults when talking to infants is referred to as __________.

Infant-Directed Speech

The three theories of language development include Nativist Theory, Learning Theory, and __________.

Interactionist Theory

Freud's theory posits that personality develops through a series of __________ stages.

childhood

In Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, __________ involves infants learning to trust caregivers.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Different cultures have varying beliefs and practices that shape __________ styles and child-rearing.

parenting

Collectivist cultures emphasize __________ goals and interdependence.

group

Individualistic cultures prioritize __________ goals and personal autonomy.

individual

The process by which children learn to recognize, express, and manage their emotions is called __________.

Emotional Development

A smile directed at others, typically emerging around 6-8 weeks of age, is known as __________.

Social Smile

Fear of unfamiliar people that typically develops around 6-12 months is called __________.

Stranger Anxiety

Distress experienced by infants when separated from primary caregivers, usually starting around 6-8 months, refers to __________.

Separation Anxiety

Social referencing is the process by which infants look to caregivers for cues on how to respond to __________ situations.

unfamiliar

Recognition of oneself as an individual, separate from the environment and others is known as __________.

Self-Awareness

The test used to determine if a child can recognize themselves in a mirror, indicating self-awareness, is called __________.

Mirror Self-Recognition Test

The ability to manage and respond to emotional experiences appropriately is referred to as __________.

Emotional Regulation

The Still-Face Procedure demonstrates infants' reactions to changes in __________ responsiveness.

caregiver

Three categories of temperament include Easy, __________, and Slow to Warm Up.

Difficult

The compatibility between a child's temperament and their environment is termed __________.

Goodness of Fit

__________ parenting is responsive, nurturing, and promotes healthy emotional and social development.

Supportive

The emotional bond that develops between a child and their caregiver is known as __________.

Attachment

The Strange Situation is a procedure developed by Mary Ainsworth to assess __________ styles in children.

attachment

Types of attachment include Secure, Insecure-Avoidant, and __________.

Insecure-Resistant

Quality early child-care is care that is nurturing, stimulating, and provides a __________ environment for children.

safe

The stage from ages 2 to 6, characterized by significant growth and development in various domains, is called __________.

Early Childhood Period

The rapid increase in brain size and complexity that occurs during early childhood is referred to as __________.

Brain Growth

The __________ of brain hemispheres for different functions (e.g., language in the left hemisphere) is known as lateralization.

specialization

Toilet training is the process of teaching a child to use the toilet, typically occurring between ages __________ and 3.

2

Adequate sleep is crucial for physical health, cognitive function, and emotional regulation in __________ children.

young

Regular physical activity is essential for healthy __________, development, and overall well-being.

growth

A balanced diet rich in nutrients supports physical growth and __________ development in children.

cognitive

Children's perceptions of their physical appearance, which can be influenced by social and cultural factors, are referred to as __________.

Body Image

Programs and strategies designed to promote healthy eating habits among children and families are known as __________.

Interventions to Improve Nutrition

Potential risks that can harm children's health, such as choking, poisoning, or accidents, are considered __________.

Common Hazards

The theory suggesting that a lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents and microorganisms increases susceptibility to allergic diseases is called __________.

Hygiene Hypothesis

Unintentional injuries that can occur during early childhood emphasize the need for __________ precautions.

safety

The second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development (ages 2-7) is known as __________ Thought.

Preoperational

The use of symbols, such as words or images, to represent objects, concepts, or ideas is referred to as __________.

Symbolism

The belief that inanimate objects possess feelings, thoughts, and lifelike qualities is called __________.

Animism

The tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation while neglecting others is known as __________, common in preoperational thought.

Centration

A belief in causality that does not follow logical rules is called __________ Thinking.

Magical

The inability to see a situation from another person's perspective is a characteristic of __________ thought.

egocentric

The understanding that actions can be reversed, allowing for a return to the original state, which develops later in cognitive development, is known as __________.

Reversibility

A test designed to assess a child's understanding that certain properties remain constant despite changes in shape or appearance is called a __________ Task.

Conservation

Vygotsky's Theory emphasizes the importance of social interaction and cultural context in cognitive development, proposing that learning is facilitated through __________ and collaboration.

dialogue

A teaching method that involves providing support to students as they learn new concepts is termed __________.

Scaffolding

The range of tasks that a child can perform with guidance but not yet independently indicates the __________ (Zone of Proximal Development).

ZPD

The self-directed speech children use to guide their own actions and thinking is known as __________ Speech.

Private

A cognitive theory that likens the mind to a computer is called the __________ Approach.

Information Processing

The mental capacity to store, retain, and recall information and experiences is known as __________.

Memory

Episodic memory involves the recollection of specific __________, experiences, or episodes in a person's life.

events

The phenomenon where individuals are unable to recall memories from early childhood, typically before age 3-4, is known as __________ Amnesia.

Childhood

A limited-capacity system that temporarily holds and manipulates information for cognitive tasks is referred to as __________ Memory.

Working

Higher-level cognitive processes, including planning, decision-making, problem-solving, and self-control, are known as __________ Function.

Executive

Common traits of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) include __________, inattention, and hyperactivity.

impulsivity

The understanding that others have thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives different from one’s own is referred to as __________ of Mind.

Theory

The process by which children acquire the ability to communicate verbally includes vocabulary growth, grammar, and __________ skills.

social communication

Children who are learning two languages simultaneously are known as __________ Language Learners.

Dual

__________ motivation refers to engaging in activities for internal satisfaction; __________ motivation involves doing something for external rewards or to avoid negative outcomes.

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic

The state of being prepared socially, emotionally, physically, and cognitively to enter and succeed in a school environment is termed __________ for School.

Being Ready

Quality schools provide a supportive, engaging, and effective __________ environment, fostering holistic development and academic success.

learning

Erikson's third stage in psychosocial development theory, where children assert control over their environment, is known as initiative vs. __________.

Guilt

The ability of young children to manage and respond to their emotional experiences is crucial for emotional __________ and overall well-being.

regulation

Mental health conditions affecting a child's thinking, behavior, and emotional well-being are referred to as __________ disorders.

Psychological

Indicators that a child may be experiencing developmental or psychological difficulties are known as __________ Warning Signs.

Early

An approach to understanding and responding to the effects of trauma on individuals is termed __________-Informed Care.

Trauma

The development of brain structures and functions that enable children to control their emotions, behaviors, and impulses is called brain __________ for self-regulation.

Maturation